Lesson 24

Personal pronoun of the third person and demonstrative pronoun tad

he (sah, this)

she (sa, this)

it (tad, this)

The following pronouns also follow the same declension pattern:

esah m./ esa f./ etad n. (this one)

yah m./ ya f./ yad n. (relative pronoun which)

katamah m./ katama f./ katamad n. (which one [of many])

katarah m./ katara f./ katarad n. (which one [of two])

anyah m./ anya f./ anyad n. (different)

itarah m./ itara f./ itarad n. (other)

The following words also follow this declension, except for nominative and accusative of neuter, where they use the ending -m:

sarvah m./ sarva f./ sarvam n. (all)

viwvah m./ viwva f./ viwvam n. (all)

ekah m./ eka f./ ekam n. (one)

ubhayah m./ ubhaya f./ ubhayam n. (both)

Sandhi: The pronouns sa- and esa- follow irregular sandhi pattern. They loose the final -h before all consonants and before all vowels except a. Here they change to -o and the following -a is lost. Examples: sa purusah (this man), sa isuh (this arrow), so 'vadat (he said).

Text (read and translate):

1. sadhavah punyaih saha svargaj labhante na tvitare janah |

2. yuyaj pitfbwraddhaih prinayatha vayaj jalena |

3. viwve devas tvaj palayeyuh |

4. anyesaj kavyairesa kavih kirtimasadhayat |

5. etatsarvaj tavaiveti bharta bharyamavadat |

6. tasminkavye 'nekani dosani drwyante |

7. sarva nadyah samudraj prati dhavanti |

8. yuvamubhayau kimekasmingrhe vasathah |

9. yatra dharmastatra jayah |

10. sukhasyantaj sada duhkhaj duhkhasyantaj sada sukham |

11. awvah krwo 'pi wobhayai pusto 'pi na punah kharah |

12. vrttena bhavatyaryo na dhanena na vidyaya |

13. na lobhadadhiko doso na danadadhiko gunah |

14. na gardabho gayati wiksito 'pi |

15. upadewo murkhanaj kopaya na wantaye |

The exercise key

Translate to Sanskrit:

1. I don't want these books.

2. In these rivers there are many fish.

3. Husbands of these women went to war.

4. In this forest I saw a lion.

5. "May I conquer [my] enemy with these heroes," said the general.

6. Poor people live in the houses.

7. Only kings are born with these signs!

8. I don't like your behavior.

9. Other people than you won't accomplish this.

10. Not everybody speaks truth (note: translate 'not all speak truth')

The exercise key

Vocabulary:

pri-, caus. prinayati: to please, to delight

sidh-, caus. sadhayati: to accomplish

anta-, m./n.: end

arya-, Adj./m.: noble

upadewa-, m.: advice, instruction

khara-, m.: donkey

gardabha-, m.: donkey

laksana-, n.: mark, characteristic, sign

vira-, m.: hero

vrtta-, n.: behavior

dosa-, m.: fault, offense

wobha-, f.: splendor, brilliance, beauty

sijha-, m.: lion

senapati-, m.: general, army leader

adhika-, Adj.: bigger than (with Abl.)

aneka-, Adj.: many, much, not one

krwa-, Adj.: thin, emaciated

pusta-, Adj.: fat

murkha-, Adj.: foolish

wiksita-, Adj.: learned

prati: towards (with Acc.)