壹、巴利語的「動詞系統」及各類動詞的「出現頻率」

 












依「構成方式」區分

由「動詞字根」構成的

由「名詞語
基」構成的

依所表達的「語態 (Voice)」區分






denom.
A. M.

主動動詞
(
七類)
Active





pass.
A. M.

使



cau.
A. M.





Intens.
A. M.





desid.
A. M.

Ending

Act.

Mid.





M
O
O
D



Ind.

現在Pres.
完成Perf.
過去Aor.
未來Fut.

命令Imper.

可能/願望Opt.

條件Cond. (與過去
事實相反的假設語氣)

勸止Injun.
(m
a + aor.)










現在分詞
(ppr.)

過去被動分詞
(pp./ppp.)

過去主動分詞
(pap.)

未來被動分詞
(fpp./grd.)



連續體
(ger./abs.)

不定體 (inf.)

 

【符號說明】: 最常用, 常用, 次常用, 少用, 罕用

貳、巴利語「七類動詞」示例

 

1. 第一類:(強化) 字根 a 語尾

< bhu> sg. pl.

3rd. bhav-a-ti bhav-a-nti
2nd. bhav-a-si bhav-a-tha
1st. bhav-
a-mi bhav-a-ma

5. 第五類: 字根 na / na 語尾

< (b)ba> sg. pl.

3rd. ja-na-ti ja-na-nti
2nd. j
a-na-si ja-na-tha
1st. j
a-na-mi ja-na-ma

2. 第二類:以m強化字根 a 語尾

< bhuj> sg. pl.

3rd. bhubj-a-ti bhubj-a-nti
2nd. Bhu
bj-a-si bhubj-a-tha
1st. bhu
bj-a-mi bhubj-a-ma

6. 第六類: 字根 o 語尾

< kar> sg. pl.

3rd. kar-o-ti kar-o-nti
2nd. kar-o -si kar-o-tha
1st. kar-o -mi kar-o-ma

3. 第三類:字根 ya 語尾

< man> sg. pl.

3rd. mab-ba-ti mab-ba-nti
2nd. Ma
b-ba-si mab-ba-tha
1st. ma
b-ba-mi mab-ba-ma

7. 第七類:(強化) 字根 e 語尾

< dis> sg. pl.

3rd. des-e-ti des-e-nti
2nd. des-e-si des-e-tha
1st. des-e-mi des-e-ma

4. 第四類: 字根 no / no 語尾

< (s)su> sg. pl.

3rd. su-no-ti su-no-nti
2nd. su-
no-si su-no-tha
1st. su-
no-mi su-no-ma

第七類動詞「語基母音」e = aya

 

 

參、存在動詞as/hu的不規則變化

 

1. as的「直說法現在式」變化

sg. pl.

3rd. atthi snti
2nd. asi attha
1st. asmi / amhi amha / amh
a

2. hu 的「過去式」變化

sg. pl.

3rd. a-ho-si a-he-sum
2nd. a-ho-si a-hu-vatha
1st. a-ho-si
m a-hu-mha

肆、動詞的「時態(Tense)、語氣(Mood)、語態(Voice)

 

一、現在式 (Present Tense) 二、未來式 (Future Tense)

 

七類動詞之現在式,如前表「貳」

< bhu> sg. pl.

3rd. bhav-a-ti bhav-a-nti
2nd. bhav-a-si bhav-a-tha
1st. bhav-
a-mi bhav-a-ma

 

字根 ( i / e ) ssa 現在式語尾

< kar> sg. pl.

3rd. kar-issa-ti kar-issa-nti
2nd. kar-issa-si kar-issa-tha
1st. kar-iss
a-mi kar-issa-ma

(kar-issa-m)

 

三、過去式 (Past or Aorist Tense)

 

(1) 第一型 ( i(s)- )

< (k)kam> sg. pl.

3rd. upasamkam-i upasamkam-imsu
2nd. upasa
mkam-i upasamkam-ittha
1st. upasa
mkam-im upasamkam-imha

(-imha)

(2) 第二型 ( s(i)- ) (常用於7th)

< dis > sg. pl.

3rd. des-e-si des-e-sum
2nd. des-e-si des-ittha
1st. des-e-si
m des-imha

 

四、命令語氣 (Imper. Mood) 五、可能 / 願望語氣 (Pot./Opt. Mood)

 

現在式「語基」+ 命令式「語尾」

< bhu> sg. pl.

3rd. bhava-tu bhava-ntu
2nd. bhava (-
ahi) bhava-tha
1st. bhav
a-mi bhava-ma

 

現在式「語基」+ 可能 / 願望式語尾

< bhu> sg. pl.

3rd. bhav-eyya bhav-eyyum
2nd. bhav-eyy
asi bhav-eyyatha
1st. bhav-eyy
ami bhav-eyyama

 

六、被動語態 (Passive Voice) 七、使役語態 (Causative Voice)

 

字根 ( i / i ) ya 現在式語尾

< pa-ha> sg. pl.

3rd. pahi-ya-ti pahi-ya-nti
2nd. pah
i-ya-si pahi-ya-tha
1st. pah
i-ya-mi pahi-ya-ma

 

(強化) 字根 [( a)p] e +現在式語尾

< bhu> sg. pl.

3rd. bhav-e-ti bhav-e-nti
2nd. bh
av-e-si bhav-e-tha
1st. bh
av-e-mi bhav-e-ma

使役式「語基母音」e = aya

伍、巴利語 / 梵語 動詞分類 對照表

巴利語動詞

梵語動詞

類別

標誌

示例

類別

標誌

示例

I

(a) 類:

(
重音化)
+ -a-

bhu, bhav-a-ti / ho-ti
ji, jay-a-ti / je-ti
n
i, nay-a-ti / ne-ti
vad, vad-a-ti

<I>

重音化
+ -(a)-

bhu, bhav-a-ti
ji, jay-a-ti
n
i, nay-a-ti
vad, vad-a-ti

是、成為

引導

bandh, bandh-a-ti

IX

強:-na-
弱:-ni-

bandh, badh-na-ti

(b) 類:

不規則

gam, gacch-a-ti
(j)jhe, jh
ay-a-ti
(j)jhe, jh
ay-a-ti
(ge, mile
同上)
(t)tha, tittha-ti
p
a, piba-ti
(piva-ti / pipa-ti)

<I>

不規則
v
rddhi
v
rddhi
v
rddhi
重複字根
重複字根

gam, gacch-a-ti
dhyai, dh
ay-a-ti
k
sai, ksay-a-ti
(gai, mlai
同上)
sth
a, tistha-ti
p
a, piba-ti


(禪)思
燃燒
(唱,萎)
站立

rud, rud-a-ti
(p)phus, phus-a-ti
is, icch-a-ti

<VI>

字根不變
(
或鼻化)
(
或不規則)

rud, rud-a-ti
sp
rs, sprs-a-ti
i
s, icch-a-ti

悲泣
碰觸
希求

i, e-ti
s
i, se-ti
as, at-thi
vac, vat-ti
han, han-ti
vid, ve-ti

II

強:重音化
弱:不變

i, e-ti
wi, we-te
as, as-ti
vac, vak-ti
han, han-ti
vid, vet-ti


躺下
是、有


知道

bru, bru-ti
v
a, va-ti
sn
a, sina-ti
y
a, ya-ti

長母音結尾

bru, bravi-ti
v
a, va-ti
sn
a, sna-ti
y
a, ya-ti



沐浴

ha, jaha-ti
d
a, dada-ti
/ de-ti
dh
a, daha-ti
hu, juha-ti
gar, jagga-ti
/ j
agar-a-ti

III

重複字根

強:重音化

弱:不變

ha, jaha-ti
d
a, dada-ti
/ dat-te
dh
a, dadha-ti
hu, juho-ti
gar, j
agar-ti
/ j
agar-a-ti

捨棄
施、與

放置
祭祀
醒寤


 

巴利語動詞

梵語動詞

類別

標誌

示例

類別

標誌

示例

II

-m-a-

bhuj, bhubj-a-ti
yuj, yu
bj-a-ti
chid, chind-a-ti
his, hi
ms-a-ti

VII

強:-na-
弱:-n-

bhuj, bhunak-ti
yuj, yunak-ti
chid, chinat-ti
hi
ms, hinas-ti

食、受用
連結
切、斷
害、殺

muc, mubc-a-ti
sic, si
bc-a-ti
vid, vind-a-ti
lip, limp-a-ti
lup, lump-a-ti

<VI>

字根鼻化
(
或不變)

muc, mubc-a-ti
sic, si
bc-a-ti
vid, vind-a-ti
lip, limp-a-ti
lup, lump-a-ti

解開
灌、注
發現

破壞、劫奪

III

-ya-

vid, vij-ja-ti

<VI>

被動動詞
-ya-

vid, vid-ya-te

存在、
被發現

rudh, ruj-ja-ti
(ni-rujjati
滅、止息)

VII

rudh, rudh-ya-te
(ni-rudhyate)

被抑止

man, mab-ba-ti
muc, muc-ca-ti
pad, paj-ja-ti
(up-pajjati
生起)
budh, buj-jha-ti
jan, j
a-ya-ti
(j)jh
a, jha-ya-ti
(j)jh
a, jha-ya-ti
g
a, ga-ya-ti
mil
a, mila-ya-ti
v
a, va-ya-ti
(v
a-ti F (I))
sn
a, naha-ya-ti
(sn
a-ti F (I))

<IV>

-y(a)-

man, man-y-a-te
muc, muc-ya-te
pad, pad-y-a-te
(ut-padyate)
budh, budh-y-a-te
jan, j
a-y-a-te


解開


醒、覺

長母音結尾
-y(a)-

dhya, dhya-y-a-ti
k
sa, ksa-y-a-ti
g
a, ga-y-a-ti
ml
a, mla-y-a-ti
v
a, va-y-a-ti
(II) v
a, va-ti
sn
a, sna-y-a-ti
(II) sn
a, sna-ti

(禪)思
燃燒
唱歌
枯萎


沐浴
沐浴

ya, ya-ya-ti
(y
a-ti F (I))
(k)kh
a, kha-ya-ti

II

長母音結尾
強:重音化

弱:不變

ya, ya-ti

khy
a, khya-ti



顯得、看似

IV

-no- /
-
no-

(s)su, su-no-ti
ap, ap-po-ti
sak, sak-ko-ti

V

強:-no-

弱:-nu-

wru, wr-no-ti
ap, ap-no-ti
wak, wak-no-ti


獲得
能夠


 

巴利語動詞

梵語動詞

類別

標誌

示例

類別

標誌

示例

V

-na- /
-na
-

(b)ba, ja-na-ti
(g)gah, ga
nha-ti
(k)ki, ki-
na-ti

IX

強:-na-
弱:-ni-

jba, ja-na-ti
grah, g
rh-na-ti
kr
i, kri-na-ti

知道
捉取

(s)su, su-na-ti
(p)pa-
ap, pap-una-ti
sak(k), sak-kun
a-ti
ci, ci-n
a-ti
hi, hi-n
a-ti
(pa-hi
nati
遣送、出使)

V

強:-no-
弱:-nu-

wru, wr-no-ti
ap, ap-no-ti
wak, wak-no-ti
ci, ci-no-ti
hi, hi-no-ti


獲得
能夠
積、集
促進、驅使

ji, ji-na-ti

<I>

重音化
+ -(a)-

ji, jay-a-ti

VI

-o-

kar, kar-o-ti
tan, tan-o-ti

VIII

字根n結尾
強:-o-
弱:-u-

kr, kar-o-ti
tan, tan-o-ti


擴大、伸展

ap(p), app-o-ti
sak(k), sakk-o-ti

V

強:-no-
弱:-nu-

ap, ap-no-ti
wak, wak-no-ti

獲得
能夠

VII

(重音化)

+

-e- /
-aya-

cur, cor-e-ti
cint, cint-e-ti
p
uj, puj-e-ti

<X>

重音化
+ -ay(a)-

cur, cor-ay-a-ti
cint, cint-ay-a-ti
p
uj, puj-ay-a-ti


思考
恭敬

dhar, dhar-e-ti
vid, ved-e-ti
dis, des-e-ti

-
II
VI

使役動詞
-ay(a)-

dhr, dhar-ay-a-ti
vid, ved-ay-a-ti
di
w, dew-ay-a-ti

受持
感受、經驗
教導

kath, kath-e-ti
ga
n, gan-e-ti

名動

-ya-

katha, katha-ya-ti
ga
na-ya-ti

> 說
眾 > 算總

vad, vad-e-ti
cud, cod-e-ti

<I>

重音化
+ -(a)-

vad, vad-a-ti
cud, cod-a-ti


驅策、訶責

(g)gah, gah-e-ti

IX

強:-na-

弱:-ni-

grah, grh-na-ti

捉取