過去分詞 (Past Passive Participle)

-a 結尾的中性名詞 (Neuter Nouns in -a)

具格的基本用法 (Instrumental Case)

 

 

 

壹‧過去(被動)分詞 (Past Passive Participle)

1.過去分詞的「構成」:

 

 

字根

(少數由「現在式語基」)

+

過去分詞接尾詞

-ta, -ita, -na

 

注意:字根末尾的子音遇到 -ta -na 時,常有連音變化。

 

以下是加 -ta,-ita 的例子:

 

(p)pa-(k)kam pakkanta 已離去 (gone away, left) (m + t > n + t)

kar kata 已做,被做 (done) (r省略)

kilam kilanta 疲倦的 (tired) (m + t > n + t)

kup kupita 生氣,發怒 (angry)

gam gata 已往 (gone) (m省略)

adhi-gam adhigata 已到達、已證得、已知 (understood) (

頭詞adhi- 義為「上、增上」,over)

a-gam agata 已來 (come)

sam-anu-a-gam samannagata 具足、得、學得 (endowed, acquired) (

anu-a > anv-a > annavn同化)

ni-(g)gah niggahita 被抑止、折服、駁倒 (refuted) ((g)gah

為「捉、執、取」,seize, grasp)

chadd chaddita 已吐、捨、除 (thrown away, abandoned)

 

(p)pa-(b)bap pabbatta 已施設、已備妥 (declared, prepared) (p

t同化)

(t)tha thita 已立、已住 (stood, stayed) (a省略或弱化)

sam-tus santuttha 喜足的、滿足的 (contented, satisfied)

( < tuss + t > tth)

dis desita 已教,被教 (taught) ( < diw指、示,point)

(d)dis dittha 已見,被見 (seen) ( < drw ) (s + t > tth)

pucch puttha 已問,被問 (asked) (cch + t > tth )

bandh baddha 被縛 (bound) (n省略,tdh同化)

bhas bhasita 已說、被說 (spoken)

bhu bhuta ...、被... (been)

ni(r)-ma nimmita 被創造 (created) (a省略或弱化)

vi-muc vimutta 已解脫 (freed) (ct同化)

ni-rudh niruddha 已滅,被滅 (stoped, ceased) (tdh同化)

vac vutta 已說、被說、所謂的 (said) (採被動態

vuccati語基vucct同化)

(p)pa-(v)vaj pabbajita 已出家 (gone forth)

sam santa 寂靜的、寂止的 (calmed) (m + t > n + t)

(s)su suta 已聽聞、被聽聞 (heard)

 

2.過去分詞的「語態」:

 

(1) 一般為「被動語態」。

(2) 某些「不及物動詞」及「行動動詞」可表「主動語態」。

 

3.過去分詞的「用法」:

 

(1) 作一般「謂語動詞(Finite Verb)

 

F 屬「名詞性動詞」:動詞的作用、名詞的變化。

 

(a) 作「被動動詞」(表過去或現在完成)

 

'Anubbato si pana tvam, Ratthapala, matapituhi agarasma anagari-

yam pabbajjayati ' = 「然而,賴吒和羅!你已得父母允許

家出家過非家生活嗎?」 ('Have you been permitted by your

parents, Ratthapala, to go forth from the home life into home-

lessness ') (M.II.p.56.L13-14, 賴吒和羅經)

' Na kho aham, bhante, anubbato matapituhi agarasma anagariyam

pabbajjayati.' = 「大德!我未得父母允許離家出家過非家

生活。」 ( 'No, venerable sir, I have not been permitted by my

parents to go forth from the home life into homelessness.') (M.

II.p.56.L15-16, 賴吒和羅經)

' Na kho, Ratthapala, Tathagata ananubbatam matapituhi

pabbajentiti.' = 「賴吒和羅!諸如來不聽許未得父母同意

出家!」 ( 'Ratthapala, Tathagatas do not give the going

forth to anyone who does not have his parents' permission.')

(M.II.p.56.L17-18, 賴吒和羅經)

 

(b) 作「主動動詞」(表過去或現在完成,作「完成式」時可配合

Be動詞)

 

 

Mayam gamam upasamkanta (amha). = 我們已到村裡。 (We

have approached the village.)

 

(2) 作「名詞」

 

(a) 某些過去分詞可作「中性、抽象名詞」,如:

 

bhasitam = 言說、所說 (what was spoken,speech)

jivitam = 生命 (life)

 

 

(b) 另有一些則轉為指「人」(...),如:

 

tathagata = 如來、真理之得證(達至) (Thus-gone)

buddha = 佛陀、覺悟者 (the Enlightened One)

ananubbata matapituhi = 未得父母同意者 (one who has not

been permitted by his parents)

 

(3) 過去分詞均可作「形容詞」(此時語尾變化依 -a,-a,-a ;性、數、

格配合所修飾的名詞)

 

kupito khattiyo vadati = 憤怒的剎帝利說 (the angry warrior says)

kilanta rajaputta evam pucchimsu = 疲憊的王子們這麼問 (thus the

tired princes asked)

 

(4) 用於「過去分詞子句」

 

 

So sato va assasati, sato passasati. = 他念而入息,念而出息。 (Ever

mindful, he breathe in; mindful he breathe out.) (注:此處分詞子句

表達與主要子句「同時」的動作,即在他入、出息的「同時」,

他內心清楚、明白、醒覺-- sato 「具念」。另外,va eva

之略語形,用來強調 sato 「內心清清楚楚的」) (M.I.p.56.L14-

15, 念處經)

 

Puna ca param bhikkhave bhikkhu gacchanto va : gacchamkti pajanati,

thito va : thito 'mhkti pajanati, nisinno va : nisinno 'mhkti pajanati, sayano

va : sayano 'mhkti pajanati. = 再者,諸比丘!比丘當他走路的時候,

他知道:「我在走路」;或者,當他站立的時候,他知道:「我正

站立」;或者,當他坐著的時候,他知道:「我正坐著」;或者,

當他躺下的時候,他知道:「我正躺下」。 (Again, bhikkhus, when

walking, a bhikkhu understands : ' I am walking ' ; when standing ,he un-

derstands : ' I am standing ' ; when sitting, he understands : ' I am sitting ' ;

when lying down, he understands : ' I am lying down '.) (M.I.p.56.

2-p.57.L1, 念處經)

 

4.整理:過去分詞用作「動詞」的幾種「句型」

 

 

(1) 用於「被動句」(Passive Sentence)

 

 

句型一虛主詞被動式 (Impersonal : It was Ved by A )

 

 

 

by-A it was Ved (被A 做V)

Ins. pp.n.s.Nom.

 

 

evam me sutam = 如是我聞 (it was heard by me / thus have I heard)

 

句型二:實主詞被動式 ( B were Ved by A )

 

 

 

B by-A were Ved (BA 做V)

Nom. Ins. pp.性、數、格隨 B

 

 

maya ime satta nimmita = 這些眾生被我創造/我創造了這些眾生

(by me these beings were created / I have created these beings)

 

(2) 用於「主動句」(Active Sentence)

 

 

句型三:實主詞主動式 ( A (have) Ved B )

 

 

 

A B Ved (A對B做V)

Nom. Acc. pp.性、數、格隨 A

 

 

puriso gamam agato = 此人到村子來了 (the person has come to the

village) (cf.agacchi,aor.)

 

 

貳‧-a 結尾的中性名詞 (Neuter Nouns in -a)

1.語尾變化

 

 

例:yana = 車乘(carriage)

 

 

單數 複數

Nom. yan-am yan-ani /-a

Voc. * yan-a yan-ani /-a

Acc. yan-am yan-ani /-e

 

2‧中性字的格變化通則 (中性條例)

 

(1) 中性字與其對應的男性字之語尾僅 Nom.sg.pl.Acc.pl.等三處有

異。主格、對格之外的其它六種格變化 (Ins. Dat. ... Loc.) 與「

男性字」相同。(依「長相」看,只有「頭」不一樣,「身體」完

全一樣。)

 

(2) 中性字的主格、對格字尾具如下特徵:

 

 

Nom.

Acc.

sg. pl.

-xm -xni

-xm -xni

(a) Nom. = Acc.

(b) Nom.sg.(Acc.sg.) 鼻音化 (-xm)

(c) Nom.pl.(Acc.pl.) 長音化 ni

 

(3) 中性字「複數主格、對格、呼格」除可用自己的字尾外,也可使

用其對應男性字的字尾。亦即除「主格單數」外,中性字可以使用

其對應男性字的「所有字尾」(即整張表格)

 

3.-a 結尾的中性字示例:

 

asanam 座、座所 (seat)

kammam 業、行為、工作 (work)

kiccham 困難 (difficulty)

geham 家、房子 (house, building)

gottam 姓、氏姓、種性 (clan)

civaram 衣、法衣 (robe)

danam 施物、布施 (gift, donation, alms)

dukkham (unhappiness, misery, suffering)

dvaram 門、戶 (door, gate)

dhanam 財、財物 (money, wealth)

pubbam 福、善、福德、福業 (merit, good, goodness, meritorious action)

maranam (death)

yojanam 由旬 (league,14公里)

sahassam 千、千金 (thousand)

silam (virtue, good conduct)

sukham (happiness)

 

參‧具格的基本用法 (Instrumental Case)

0.具格的語尾變化:(此處以-a為例,其餘請參見以下「一覽表」)

 

單數 複數

buddha m. > buddh-ena buddh-ehi

buddh-ebhi

phala n. > phal-ena phal-ehi

phal-ebhi

kabba f. 少女 > kabb-aya kabb-ahi

kabb-abhi

 

1.具格的基本用法

 

(1) 表示動作的「工具、方式、狀態」(... ,以... ...),通常用

於「非生命名詞」。

 

 

pabbaya passati = 他以智慧見 (he sees with wise)

sukham kayena phusati = 他以身觸樂 (he touches happiness with the

body)

adhivasesi bhagava tunhibhavena = 世尊默然應許 (the fortunate

one acquiesced by his silence)

pattena udakam atiharati = 他以缽取水 (he brings water in a bowl)

 

(2) 表示「被動句」之「動作者」(... , ...),通常用於「有生命名

詞」。

 

 

samano maya dittho = 沙門被我看見/我看見沙門 (the ascetic was

seen by me/ I saw the ascetic)

bharo bhikkhuna chaddito = 重擔被比丘捨離/比丘捨離重擔 (the

load was thrown away by the bhikkhu)

v

 

附:

具格 語尾變化 一覽

 

(1) 母音結尾的語尾變化:

 

單數 複數

buddha m. > buddh-ena buddh-ehi

buddh-a buddh-ebhi

aggi m. > agg-ina agg-ihi

agg-ibhi

bhikkhu m. 比丘 > bhikkh-una bhikkh-uhi

bhikkh-ubhi

----------------------------

phala n. > phal-ena phal-ehi

phal-a phal-ebhi

akkhi n. > akkh-ina akkh-ihi

akkh-ibhi

assu n. > ass-una ass-uhi

ass-ubhi

==================

kabba f. 少女 > kabb-aya kabb-ahi

kabb-abhi

jati f. > jat-iya jat-ihi

jat-ibhi

nadi f. > nad-iya nad-ihi

nad-ibhi

dhenu f. 牡牛 > dhen-uya dhen-uhi

dhen-ubhi

jambu f. 閻浮樹 > jamb-uya jamb-uhi

jamb-ubhi

 

(2)子音結尾的語尾變化:

 

單數 複數

attan m. 自我 > attan-a attan-ehi (-ebhi)

att-ena att-ehi

rajan m. > rajin-a raj-uhi (-ubhi)

rabb-a raj-ehi (-ebhi)

raj-ena

 

 

單數 複數

kamman n. > kamman-a kamm-ehi (-ebhi)

kammun-a

kamm-a

kamm-ena

----------------------------

bhagavant m. 世尊 > bhagavat-a bhagavant-ehi

bhagavant-ena bhagavant-ebhi

gacchant m. > gacchat-a gacchant-ehi

(ppr.) gacchant-ena gacchant-ebhi

----------------------------

hatthin m. > hatthin-a hatth-ihi

hatth-ibhi

gamin n. 導者 > gamin-a gam-ihi

gam-ibhi

----------------------------

vacas n. > vacas-a vac-ehi

vac-ena vac-ebhi

----------------------------

ayus n. > ayus-a ay-uhi

ay-una ay-ubhi

----------------------------

pitar m. > pitar-a pitar-ehi (-ebhi)

pit-una pit-uhi (-ubhi)

matar f. > matar-a matar-ehi (-ebhi)

mat-uya mat-uhi (-ubhi)

 

(3)代名詞類的語尾變化:

 

單數 複數

ta(d) m.n. > t-ena t-ehi (-ebhi)

n-ena n-ehi (-ebhi)

eta(d) m.n. > et-ena et-ehi (-ebhi)

ima(m) m.n. > im-ina im-ehi (-ebhi)

ehi (ebhi)

ka m.n. > k-ena k-ehi (-ebhi)

ka-ci m.n. > kena-ci kehi-ci (kebhi-ci)

ya(d) m.n. > y-ena y-ehi (-ebhi)

sabba m.n. 一切 > sabb-ena sabb-ehi (-ebhi)

amu m.n. > am-una am-uhi (-ubhi)

----------------------------

 

單數 複數

ta(d) f. > t-aya t-ahi (-abhi)

n-aya n-ahi (-abhi)

eta(d) f. > et-aya et-ahi (-abhi)

ima(m) f. > im-ayai m-ahi (-abhi)

ka f. > k-aya k-ahi (-abhi)

ka-ci f. > kaya-ci kahi-ci (kabhi-ci)

ya(d) f. > y-aya y-ahi (-abhi)

sabba f. 一切 > sabb-aya sabb-ahi (-abhi)

amu f. > am-uya am-uhi (-ubhi)

==================

aham > m-aya (me) amh-ehi (no)

tvam > t-aya (te) tumh-ehi (vo)

 

v