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明代瑜伽教僧的專職化及其經懺活動=Specializing of Yuka's Monks and the Religious Activities in Ming Dynasty |
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陳玉女 (著)=Chen, Yuh-neu (au.)
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| Source |
新世紀宗教研究=New Century Religious Studies
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| Volume | v.3 n.1 |
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| Date | 2004.09 |
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| Pages | 38 - 88 |
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| Publisher | 世界宗教博物館發展基金會附設出版社 |
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| Publisher Url |
https://www.mwr.org.tw/
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| Location | 臺北縣, 臺灣 [Taipei hsien, Taiwan] |
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| Content type | 期刊論文=Journal Article |
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| Language | 中文=Chinese |
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| Note | 作者為國立成功大學歷史系副教教授 |
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| Keyword | 明代佛教=Ming buddhism; 瑜伽=Yuka; 經懺=Ching ch'an; 水陸畫=Shui lu hua |
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| Abstract | 本文首針對明洪武15年（1382 A.D.）太祖實行瑜伽教及其教僧的職權與地位法定化等諸多相關措施，檢討其所以施行的政治考量和社會基礎。其中並探究何謂「瑜伽」及其演變成專行經懺施食等法事內容之瑜伽教的可能形成過程。其次，就太祖頒布的瑜伽科儀、經價與民間落實狀況予以檢討，尤其在經懺價格方面，進一步分析政策規定的公定價難以落實的宗教心理因素。瑜伽教僧應付世俗所需，為信眾啟建法會，收費行懺本是太祖法定的合理行徑，但落實至民間卻與佛教講求慈悲為懷的普渡眾生思想相違，於此矛盾的情況下，信眾也大多以佈施行善的心態代替買賣付費的心理，即隨願佈施，因財力而異。隨此，也豐厚了瑜伽教僧的收入，加上社會市場的高度需求，禪講二宗僧眾與一般世俗之人紛紛轉投此行者甚眾，這不僅俗化亦即淺化明代佛教內涵，同時也導致僧眾素質的低落而衝擊著僧團律行的維持，甚至造成社會的問題。舉如僧俗男女因經懺法會的活絡，促進相互間的頻繁接觸，雖然因此擴大男女信眾社交生活的場域，卻也引來雲棲祩宏擔心男女混亂，日以千計，不免褻瀆聖賢，衝撞鬼神，反而招致無端災禍。
大體上，太祖的瑜伽教政策，的確肯定中國歷代以來經懺僧對於社會所具存的正面功能，無疑這是中國佛教史上的創舉，然而也因為瑜伽教僧入俗應付經懺的合法化，使得僧俗分際模糊、男女之妨日漸蕩然，反而引來世俗對僧人的睥睨與醜化，歸咎原因，經懺瑜伽的活絡，甚是關鍵。
In A.D. 1382, Hon-Wu executed some policies concerning the official positions and conditions of Yuka and the believers; the implied political consideration and social basis are discussed in this study. The article investigates also the definition of Yuka and the formation of the believers' activities. Subsequently, the official prices of some Yuka's ceremony and their actual executing situations are described, the mentally acceptation and adaptation are analyzed. In fact, the government could not properly control the religious activities and behaviors; many are commercialized and become too superficial. Some behaviors of the believers even resulted in social problem. For example, the expended social intermingling between women and men believers actually leaded to some sexual problems.
Overall, the religious policy of Hong-Wu to Yuka certainly recognized the positive social effects of Yuka, this is by no means a historical breakthrough in Chinese Buddhism. However, the promotion of Yuka's social activities played a
pivotal role in damaging the social images of Yuka and some undesired social problems. |
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| ISSN | 16843738 (P) |
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| Hits | 806 |
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| Created date | 2005.06.23 |
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| Modified date | 2020.01.09 |
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