| Gāthā | Sentence Translation | Sentence Structure |
| Vocabulary&Grammar | Commentary | Pronunciation |
Victory produces hatred. Defeated one dwells in pain.
Tranquil one dwells happily, having renounced both victory
and defeat.
jayaṃ
veraṃ pasavati dukkhaṃ
seti parājito
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N.n.
N.n. V.act.in. Adv. V.act.in.
Adj.m.
Nom.Sg. Acc.Sg. 3.Sg.pres. |
3.Sg.pres. Nom.Sg.
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List of Abbreviations
upasanto sukhaṃ
seti hitvā jaya+parājayaṃ
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Adj.m. Adv. V.act.in.
V.ger. N.n. N.n.
Nom.Sg. |
3.Sg.pres. |
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jayaṃ: jaya-, N.n.: victory. It is derived from the verb root ji- (to win). Nom.Sg. = jayaṃ.
veraṃ: vera-, N.n.: hatred, enmity. Acc.Sg. = veraṃ.
pasavati, V.: produce, bring forth, give birth. The verb root is su- (to flow) with the prefix strengthening pa-. 3.Sg.act.in.pres. = pasavati.
dukkhaṃ, Adv.: painfully,
with suffering. It is derived from the word dukkha-, N.n.: suffering.
Acc.Sg. = dukkhaṃ.
Here as an adverb.
seti, V.: lays, dwells. The verb root is si- (to lay). 3.Sg.act.in.pres. = seti.
parājito: parājita-, Adj.: defeated. It is a p.p. of the verb root ji- (to win) withj the prefix parā- (over). Nom.Sg.m. = parājito.
List of Abbreviations
upasanto: upasanta-, Adj.: calmed, tranquil. It is a p.p. of the verb sam- (to be appeased) with the prefix upa- (towards, up). Nom.Sg.m. = upasanto.
sukhaṃ, Adv.: happily. It is the word sukha-, N.n.: happiness. Acc.Sg. = sukhaṃ. Here as an adverb.
seti: see above.
hitvā, V.ger.: having renounced, having left behind. It is a ger. of the verb hā- (to abandon, to leave).
jayaparājayaṃ:
jayaparājaya-, N.n.: victory and defeat.
It is a compound of:
jaya-, N.n.: victory (see jayaṃ
above).
parājaya-,
N.n.: defeat (see parājito above).
Acc.Sg. = jayaparājayaṃ.
List of Abbreviations
This verse consists of three syntactically
separate sentences. They are:
1) jayaṃ
veraṃ pasavati (victory produces hatred).
The subject of this sentence is the noun jayaṃ
(victory, nominative singular). The verb is pasavati (produces,
3rd person, singular, active, indicative, present tense). The
object is the noun veraṃ (hatred, accusative
singular).
2) dukkhaṃ
seti parājito (defeated one dwells in
pain). The subject is the adjective parājito
(defeated one, nominative singular). The verb is seti (dwells, 3rd
person, singular, active, indicative, present tense). The verb has an attribute,
the adverb dukkhaṃ (in pain).
3) upasanto sukhaṃ
seti hitvā jayaparājayaṃ
(tranquil one dwells happily, having renounced both victory and defeat).
This can be further subdivided into two sentences:
a) upasanto sukhaṃ
seti (tranquil one dwells happily). The subject is the adjective upasanto
(tranquil one, nominative singular). The verb is seti (dwells, 3rd
person, singular, active, indicative, present tense). The verb has an attribute,
the adverb sukhaṃ (happily).
b) hitvā
jayaparājayaṃ
(having renounced both victory and defeat). The subject is the word upasanto
from the previous sentence. The verb is in gerund, hitvā
(having renounced). The object is the compound jayaparājayaṃ
(victory and defeat, accusative singular).
King Ajātasattu
was the son of King Bimbisāra and Queen Vedehi,
the sister of the King of Kosala. Ajātasattu
and the King of Kosala went to war three times. The King of Kosala was
always defeated. Because of this, he was very depressed. He lamented that
it was a terrible disgrace; he was not able to defeat Ajātasattu,
who was very young and inexperienced. The King refused to eat and just
stayed in his bed all the time.
When the Buddha learned about this,
he admonished him with this verse. The King realized there was no victory
in war and became the Buddha's devoted follower.
Word pronunciation:
jayaṃ
veraṃ
pasavati
dukkhaṃ
seti
parājito
upasanto
sukhaṃ
hitvā
jayaparājayaṃ
jaya
parājayaṃ