This essay is divided into three principal aspects to delve into the practice of Fu Tashih’s Chan Buddhism, exploring respectively the cause of ksama practices between Fu Tashih (the Great Master Fu) and Emperor Wu of Liang Dynasty, the source of Fu Tashih’s thought for such practices, and Fu Tashih’s ksama practices based on equality for all, even enemies. For the first aspect, scholars’ researches and historical biography of Buddhism show that both Fu Tashih and Emperor Wu of Liang Dynasty emphasized the practice of ksama thought. Despite their delicate relationship as monarch-courtier and mentor-mentee, the Great Master Fu and the emperor cherished the same ideals and took the same course, both in practicing ksama-repentance and ascetic Chan approach. As for the second aspect, according to the Lectures of Bodhisattva Shan-hui, the major source of Fu Tashih’s thought on ksama practices came from the ideas of Non-duality in Vimalakirti Nirdesa Sutra, in addition to the Chan instructions received from Ascetic Song. For the last aspect, this paper concludes that Fu Tashih linked above ideas of Non-duality in Vimalakirti Nirdesa Sutra with beliefs of Maitreya incarnation, and put it into effect while practicing meditation and in worship and repentance rituals during Liang and Chen Dynasties. He is thus credited with having invented the attainment of the Buddhahood by meditation through the practice of ksama based on equality for all, even enemies. From the perspectives of propagation, practice, effect, influence,and popularity, Fu Tashih’s ksama practices based on equality can be in parallel with other well-known repentance rites, such as Fa Hua Repentance, Avatamsaka Repentance, Yuan Chueh Repentance, Sūtras of Name of the Buddha, Emperor Liang’s Repentance and Water Repentance.
