Mindfulness中譯釐正為覺察之佛學與科學實證檢驗：覺察與正念判準量表之研發=Clarifying the Mandarin Translation of the Word "Mindfulness": Developing the Mindfulness and Positive Thought Criterion Scale
覺察=Mindfulness; 佛教=Buddhism; 無評斷=nonjudgmental; 正念減壓=mindfulness based stress reduction (MBSR)
摘要
本研究旨在以覺知當下之觀點探討覺察（mindfulness）與正念（positive thought or right mindfulness）實為不同概念，並釐清mindfulness的中譯用詞。Mindfulness原文本意為中性且無評斷的覺知，與佛教八正道的正念帶有正確、正當之涵義完全不同。近廿年來體育運動學術領域中的運動教育學、動作行為學及運動心理學經常以佛學專有用語的正念來指稱及運用mindfulness減壓技巧（舊常誤譯為正念減壓），國外研究亦常探討覺察與健康行為（如運動習慣）之關係。為區別中性且無評斷的覺察（mindfulness）與帶有正確、正當之意的正念，研究一以文獻分析法分析mindfulness中譯的語意現況，討論與正念相關之南北傳重要佛典文獻。研究二發展覺察與正念判準量表，以實證研究與探索性因素分析檢驗覺察與正念分屬不同概念，並探討二者與運動習慣之關係。立意取樣大台北地區七到九年級學生共338位，其平均年齡13.8±0.9歲，使其填寫覺察與正念判準量表。結果有以下四點：一、覺察與正念判準量表之Cronbach's alpha值為 .86，信度極佳。二、探索性因素分析此量表之KMO值為 .89，且由覺察及正念兩個不同面相構成。三、覺察與正念具低度相關。四、運動習慣對正念有顯著影響。本研究之結論為：一、Mindfulness 中譯釐正為覺察，佛學專有用語之正念確實有評斷正確、正當的正向積極之意。覺察與正念有關，正念可包含覺察，但覺察卻無法包含並代表正念，兩者不能混為一談。二、本研究發展之量表可用以區分覺察與正念為不同面向。三、有運動習慣者或許能從運動經驗中正向感受人生，故其正念程度較高。四、正念原為佛學術語，覺察與正念判準量表係以科學方法發展而成，本研究可充實佛學與科學之內涵，並強化二者在理論與應用方面之連結性。
The current study aimed to distinguish the concepts between mindfulness and positive thought (or right mindfulness), and clarify the Mandarin translation of the word mindfulness. The concepts of the original textual meaning of mindfulness (a nonjudgmental state being aware of something) and positive thought in the Buddhist eightfold path are completely different. In the two decades, exercise pedagogy, motor behavior, and sports/exercise psychology particularly applied the mindfulness based stress reduction (MBSR) in the academic and clinical fields, while many studies explored the relations between mindfulness and healthy behaviors (such as exercise habits). In order to distinguish the mindfulness and positive thought in Buddhism, the study 1 reviewed Mandarin translation of the word mindfulness from its related research. The important Buddhist literature - the southward Nikāya and northward Āgama were analyzed so that the researcher confirmed the word mindfulness as being aware of certain situation. The study 2 developed The Mindfulness and Positive Thought Criterion Scale (MindPT), distinguishing the two concepts via the exploratory factor analysis (EFA). The association among mindfulness, positive thought, and exercise habits were also investigated, Three hundred and thirty-eight middle school students in Taipei were recruited as the participants, with mean age at 13.8±0.9 years old. It was found that: 1) the Cronbach's alpha of MindPT was .86, so that the reliability of the scale was excellent; 2) via the EFA, the KMO value of the scale was .89 suggesting that the MindPT was composed of mindfulness and positive thought; 3) there was a low significant correlation between mindfulness and positive thought; and 4) the level of positive thought was higher in regular exercises. It was concluded that: 1) Clarifying the Mandarin translation of the Word mindfulness; the "positive thought (i.e. right mindfulness)" in Buddhism does have the meanings of correct, proper, and positive judgment. Mindfulness was associated with positive thought, but the later definitely could not represent the former. 2) The MindPT successfully differentiated the aspects of mindfulness and positive thought. 3) those who can regularly exercise seemed to obtain positive feelings in life so that they had higher scores in positive though. And 4) "positive though" was a Buddhist terminology, while the MindPT was developed via the scientific approaches. The current study not only enriches the contents in Buddhism and science, but also strengthens their connections in theory and application.
