In the late eighteenth century, a Qing-centered, pluralistic legal order emerged in the Tibetan regions of the Qing empire. In the Gansu borderlands known to Tibetans as "Amdo," the Qing state established subprefectures to administer indigenous populations and prepare them for integration into the empire. In the 1790s, the Qianlong emperor asserted the dynasty's sovereignty in central Tibet and embarked on a program to reform the Tibetan government. This dissertation examines the nineteenth-century legacy of these policies from the twin perspectives of the indigenous people of the region and the officials dispatched to manage them. On the basis of Manchu and Tibetan-language sources, Part One argues that the exercise of Qing sovereignty in central Tibet was connected to the Qianlong court's desire to monopolize indigenous arts of divination, especially as they related to the identification of prominent reincarnations. The Qing court exported a Ming-era bureaucratic technology--a lottery, and repurposed it as a divination technology--the Golden Urn. The successful implementation of this new ritual, however, hinged on the astute use of legal cases and the intervention of Tibetan Buddhist elites, who found a home for the Urn within indigenous traditions.
目次
Preface 1
Part One: Rectifying the Way of the Buddha: The Institution of the Golden Urn Ritual and its Legacy in Late Qing Tibet 20 Introduction 20 Chapter One: A Crisis of Faith and the Origins of the Golden Urn 30 Chapter Two: Shamanic Imperialism 100 Chapter Three: The Power of Dreams 200
Part Two: Local Encounters and Entanglements in Amdo 261 Chapter Four: The Historians of Labrang 261 Chapter Five: To Be “One’s Own Master:” The Monastic Domain of the Cagan Nomunhan Kūtuktu 343 Chapter Six: The Creation of the “Tibetan” Codes and the Qing Colonial Legal Order in Xunhua Subprefecture 404 Chapter Seven: The Warring States 457 Conclusion 540
Appendix: Translation of the Qianlong Emperor’s Discourse on Lamas 570 Bibliography 581
