正念介入對職業高爾夫選手心理需求滿足與幸福感的影響：腦造影之研究=The Effect of Mindfulness Training on Professional Golfers’ Basic Psychological Needs Fulfillment and Well-Being: A Neuroimaging Study
Athletes who have long-term high competitive competitive stress situations, have high-level psychological functions and the best sports performance are valued by sports psychologists. Mindfulness is thought to increase well-being. According to SDT, awareness in the concept of mindfulness is regarded as an essential element for individuals to actively explore the internal and external world to satisfy psychological needs. Whether the issues related to the satisfaction of psychological needs or well-being, the exploration of relevant neural representations of the brain is just in its starting, and testing the neural responses of the psychological needs fulfillment and well-being is still an emerging research field in neuroscience. In competitive sports situations, only correlation studies indicated that mindfulness could affect athletes' well-being by psychological needs fulfillment, future research is needed to establish the causality of this model. This study used a single-subject design combined with A-B-A and cross-participant multi-baseline design, adde with neuroscience image measurement methods to examine the effects of mindfulness on professional golfers’ psychological needs fulfillment and well-being brain area. The participants in this study were four professional golfers, and completed the entire protocol including: baseline, intervention, follow-up. Participants were asked to complete questionnaires twice a week which include mindfulness states, psychological needs fulfillment, psychological well-being, and subjective well-being, and attended an fMRI protocols both before the start of training and after training finished. All participants gave informed consent and were paid for participation. This study used visual analysis, C statistics, multi-voxel pattern analysis, and group analyses for the data analyses. The longitudinal results showed that the intervention of mindfulness training effectively enhanced psychological needs fulfillment and well-being. After the intervention, the functional connectivity of the right anterior insular cortex with the right caudate and the left thalamus were signicantly decreased. After the intervention, the functional connectivity of the right anterior insular cortex with the right caudate, and the left thalamus were signicantly decreased; the functional connectivity of the right insula with the left superior frontal gyrus, the right dorsolateral frontal gyrus, and the right medial cingulate gyrus were signicantly increased. Results suggest that 8 weeks of mindfulness training could effectively enhance professional golfers’ psychological needs fulfillment and well-being, and found objective neurological evidence. In the future, mindfulness training should be promoted to improve athletes’ knowledge of mindfulness, thereby enhancing their psychological needs fulfillment and well-being.
