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「發心」在漢藏佛學中之意義及其在宗教實踐上之心理功能
Author 陳玉蛟
Source 中華佛學學報=Chung-Hwa Buddhist Journal=Journal of Chinese Buddhist Studies
Volumen.3
Date1990.04
Pages209 - 236
Publisher中華佛學研究所=Chung-Hwa Institute of Buddhist Studies
Publisher Url http://www.chibs.edu.tw/publication_tw.php?id=12
Location新北市, 臺灣 [New Taipei City, Taiwan]
Content type期刊論文=Journal Article
Language中文=Chinese; 英文=English
Keyword宗喀巴; 現觀莊嚴論; 發心; 心理學; 起信論; 西藏佛教
Abstract本文的主內容分成三個部份. 首先,譯出宗喀巴《現
觀莊嚴論金鬘疏》中「總論發心」的部份,借此以明西藏佛
學中發心之意義. 其次,從唐. 潛真《菩提心義》等有關發
心的著作中,整理出漢地佛學中發心的意義. 最後,從心理
學的觀點,論述發心在宗教實踐上的心理功能,及其用在
大乘實踐法門中的一般情形.

《金鬘疏》「總論發心」的主內容有二部份. 一. 引
述,分析無著,世親,解脫軍,師子賢,無畏作護,法友,
覺吉祥智,寶作寂等唯識及般若學者的著作,並由此抉擇出
:第六意識心與" 為他利而欲求圓滿菩提" 的欲心所相應而
發起,就是發心的定義. 二. 由性質,產生方式,道位高低
和意願等四方面,說明發心的分類. 其中,1. 依性質分為
願心與行心二種 2. 依產生的方式分為:名言所生的發心
和修力所生的發心二種. 3. 依道位分為:信解,清淨增上
意願,異熟和斷障四種發心; 並主張佛地也有發心. 4. 依
個人的意願分為:牧喻,舟喻及王喻三種發心; 並認為; 菩
薩在意志的鍜鍊上,有些發心的確是不可思議的; 因此,"
後他人而成佛" 的牧喻發心和" 自他同時成佛" 的舟喻發心
,雖無必要,但仍有可能.

「續藏經」中有關發心的論著有四部,它們都是唐代的
作品. 其中,《勸發菩提心集》純粹是印度經論的鈔集,不
能代表漢地的佛學; 其餘三部皆依《大乘起信論》而說:發
心就是發直心,深心與大悲心.《菩提心義》更依此論將發
心分為:信成就,解行和證三種道位的發心. 若與《大乘莊
嚴經論》相較,信成就與解行相當於信解發心,證發心則相
當於清淨增上意願與異熟發Z,其中似乎不含佛的斷障發心
. 清末,圓瑛解說實賢的「普勸僧俗發菩提心文」時,加入
華嚴宗和《楞嚴經》的思想,更顯出漢地佛學圓融而又含糊
混雜的特色. 印,藏,漢佛學三者相形之下,根據《起信論
》發展出來的漢地的發心理論的確有點特立獨行的味道.

大乘發心,是為利他而欲求成佛. 就心理學的觀點而
言,大乘菩薩初發心欲成佛和小學生盼望成教師或醫生的
心理是一樣的 -- 對未來意象角色的自我設定和期許,即欲
求. 「佛」,就是大乘佛教徒心中所期許的未來的意象角色
; 而「欲」,就是對此意象角色的自我期許. 此種建構在未
來意象角色的自我期許的心理,將在無形中激發大乘佛教徒
的潛能,調整努力的方向,推動他積極發展出佛的廣大德能
. 大乘佛法中的念佛法門,以佛的德號和相好作為所緣,繫
心憶念,除得定發慧的共同效果外,更有堅固發心的特
殊功能. 而此念佛法門發展到密乘之時,更進一步觀「自身
是佛身」,以去除「自身是凡夫身」的庸常相執; 生起「佛
慢」的自尊心理,代替根深蒂固的「凡常慢」的自卑感. 密
乘法門善巧用發心的理論,在修習定慧的過程中,同時作
好大乘的心理建設,以利修集福慧兩種資糧而速疾成佛; 無
怪宗咯巴要許之為「最勝念佛」了.

This article is divided into three main sections:
firstly,translating a chapter in Tsong-kha-pa's
(1359- 1415) Shesrab-kyi-pha-rol-tu-phyinpa man-ngag
gi bstan bcos mngon-parrtogs-pa'i rgyan 'grel-pa
dang bcas-pa rgya char bshad-pa legs bshad
gser-gyi-phreng-ba, in order to show the connotation
of 'rising a mind for enlightenment' in tibetan
Buddhism. Secondly,revising the T'ang monk
`Chien-chen's` (潛真,n.d.) P'u-t'i-hsin I (菩提心
義 or' An Interpretation on Buddhicitta) and some
other relevant Chinese Buddhist works, in order to
show the connotation of the above-mentioned Buddhist
idea in Chinese Buddhism. THirdly,discussing the
psychological function of 'rising a mind for
enlightenment' in Mahayana Buddhist's religious
practice.

In Mahayana Buddhism,one who rises his mind to
be enlightened is looking forward to become a
Buddha. Therefore,he does his best to assit others
as his goal. From a psychological point of view,a
Mahayanist Bodhisattva who rises such a mind,is
expecting to become a Buddha in his future,somewhat
like a primary student who expects to become a
teacher or a medical doctor when he grows up. Both
of them are defining a prospective role for themself
with their expecation for the future. Therefore,
encouraging the Mahayanists to rise their minds to
be enlightened,is a good way of encouraging them to
exert themselves developing the potential of their
buddha Nature.
ISSN10177132 (P)
Hits1388
Created date1998.07.22
Modified date2017.06.15



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