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佛性說的中國化問題 -- 吉藏到法融的無情有性說之轉向=On the Sinification of Buddha Nature Theory?: A Doctrinal Shift of "Non-sentient Beings Possess Buddha Nature' from Jicang to Farong |
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林悟石 (著)=Lin, Wushi (au.)
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| Source |
正觀雜誌=Satyabhisamaya: A Buddhist Studies Quarterly
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| Volume | n.69 |
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| Date | 2014.06.25 |
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| Pages | 63 - 117 |
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| Publisher | 正觀雜誌社 |
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| Publisher Url |
http://www.tt034.org.tw/
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| Location | 南投縣, 臺灣 [Nantou hsien, Taiwan] |
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| Content type | 期刊論文=Journal Article |
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| Language | 中文=Chinese |
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| Note | 作者為法鼓佛教學院佛教學系碩士生 |
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| Keyword | 無情有佛性=Non-sentient beings possess Buddha nature; 三論教學=Thought of Three Treatise School; 初期禪宗=Early Chan history; 嘉祥吉藏=Jicang; 牛頭法融=Farong; 佛教中國化=Sinification of Buddhism |
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| Abstract | 漢傳佛教之禪宗，向來被視為是佛教中國化的一個代表性指標。而在過去主流的傳統禪宗史觀中，牛頭禪是被視為一個從禪宗正系四祖道信（580-651）分出的旁支。但自胡適、宇井伯壽、關口真大與柳田聖山等學者對牛頭禪的重新研究與梳理後，印順法師更提出牛頭開祖法融（594-657）才是中國禪的真正奠立者，是禪宗「中國化」的關鍵，並提及嘉祥吉藏（549-623）學說與牛頭法融的一脈相承，後來不乏學者繼之投入此議題。但以上研究，並未深入探究「吉藏『草木有性』到法融『無情合道』」中的思想學說之變化與轉向，並且多著墨於其中的中國文化所造成的影響，尤其是道家元素，因而忽略了佛教思想內部的變化邏輯。以本文之研究，發現從這段思想史的變遷中，可以指出三論教學之吉藏對於法融之牛頭禪的影響：(1)從「有情成佛」到「無情成佛」的成佛主體之變化，以及(2)教學重心從「哲學主張」到法融著重的「實踐導向」。這個思想脈絡，相對於初祖菩提達摩（5th-6th）到六祖惠能（638-713）的「正面」，可以視為一個禪宗形成的「側面」。並且，在研究取向上，筆者反思佛教中國化研究進路的侷限，並嘗試跳脫以上大多落於佛教中國化的視角與研究觀點的禪宗史建構，重新發掘佛教思想變遷中的內部理路的其他可能性。
Chinese Chan Buddhism is usually regarded as one of the most representative example of the sinification of Buddhism. Moreover, in the traditional view on the history of the Chinese Chan schools, The Oxhead school was considered to originate from the orthodox lineage of the fourth patriarch Daoxin (580-651), as Kaiten Nukariya and D. T. Suzuki suggested. However, following the studies on the Oxhead
school led by Hu Shi, Ui Hakuju, Sekiguchi Shindai and Yanagida Seizan, the aforementioned view evolved over time, and the historical position of the Oxhead school was reexamined. Later still, Yin Shun deemed that Farong (594-657), founder of patriarch Chan, was the real founder of Chinese Chan and the pivot for the sinification of Chan. In addition to this, he also held that Jicang’s (549-623) and Farong’s thought were derived from the same origin. There are quite a few scholars who have investigated this issue. For the most part, these researches focused on Chinese culture, especially Taoist elements, neglecting the internal dynamics at work within the Buddhist intellectual discussions of that time. In my view, the transmission and transformation of ideas from Jicang’s “plants possess Buddha nature” to Farong’s “non-sentient beings conform with Dao”, which hasn’t been deeply explored by these research, can specifically show former’s influence on latter’s Oxhead Chan: (1) The subject of accomplishing-Buddhahood was shifted from “sentient beings’ accomplishing-Buddhahood” to “non-sentient beings’ accomplishing-Buddhahood”. (2) The nature of the doctrinal teachings also shifted from “philosophical arguments” to “practically oriented guidance”. In my investigating these issues, I found notion of sinification which has become central to the research of many in this field, fail to account for this ideological shift. Using the approach of constructive interpretation, I try to reconstruct the inner dynamics that have informed the development of Buddhist thought over this period. In contrast to the main historical thread linking Bodhidharma(5th-6th) to Huineng(638-713), the evolution that I wish to highlight here may be considered as an “alternative aspect of Chan’s formation”; that is, “how Jicang’s thought of the Three Treatise evolved into a practical doctrine and teaching of the Chan school”. Finally, I also tried to argue and avoid the approach which stressed the sinification and influence of Chinese culture excessively and then led to ignore the inner development in Buddhist thought and limit the probability of other interpretations about this topic.
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| Table of contents | 壹、前言 64
貳、無情有性說的理論與轉變 69
一、中道佛性：吉藏的無情有性說 73
二、無心合道：法融的無情有性說 79
參、佛性說的變遷與禪宗形成的縮影 86
一、佛性說的議題轉向與成佛主體的變遷 86
（一）從一闡提到一切有情
（二）從有情眾生到無情草木
二、從本體論的擷取到實踐方法的再造 95
肆、結論 101
附錄:吉藏與法融生平簡要 104
引用文獻 108
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| ISSN | 16099575 (P) |
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| Hits | 714 |
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| Created date | 2014.08.04 |
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| Modified date | 2017.09.07 |
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