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日本 17 世紀以後的戒殺護生思想：以德川綱吉為中心=The Thought of Refraining from Killing and Protecting Living Beings in Japan after the Seventeenth Century--Centering on Tokugawa Tsunayoshi |
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| Author |
野川博之 (著)=Nogawa, Hiroyuki (au.)
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| Source |
圓光佛學學報=Yuan Kuang Journal of Buddhist Studies
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| Volume | n.27 |
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| Date | 2016.06 |
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| Pages | 107 - 154 |
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| Publisher | 圓光佛學研究所=Yuan Kuang Buddhist College |
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| Publisher Url |
http://www.ykbi.edu.tw/
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| Location | 桃園縣, 臺灣 [Taoyuean hsien, Taiwan] |
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| Content type | 期刊論文=Journal Article |
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| Language | 中文=Chinese |
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| Note | Tokugawa Tsunayoshi, Yanagisawa Yoshiyasu, Edicts on
Compassion for Living Beings, thought of refraining from
killing and protecting living beings |
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| Keyword | 德川綱吉; 柳澤吉保; 愍生令; 戒殺護生思想 |
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| Abstract | 在日本，戒殺護生思想其實很有歷史，可惜從15世紀到16世紀的戰國亂世，行之多年的放生會之類幾乎完全消滅。不過，到了17世紀初期，所謂的「江戶幕府」成立，開始用很大的權力掌控整個日本之後，慢慢地且用心地扶植以文治為主的統治體制，不但如此，企圖廢棄人民以殺生和自殺（尤其是殉死）為英雄的亂世心態，導正歸向於來自佛教的戒殺護生思想。幕府首先讓殉死成為絕響，爾後，到了第五代將軍德川綱吉（Tokugawa Tsunayoshi），制定一套〈愍生令〉，令毫無容赦的許多愛獵的民眾心生恐怖，不敢殺生。雖然綱吉死後，該法律的絕大部份立即被廢除，不過，不棄子、不棄牛馬的概念，已深深地紮根於許多民眾的心裡。〈愍生令〉深遠的護生含意，被誤解為只是愛護狗類的極端惡法，所幸這25年以來日本歷史學很有發展，揭開、還原歷史真相，不但讓民眾對綱吉的真意多加認識，也表彰柳澤吉保（Yanagisawa Yoshiyasu）此位執行該法律的寵臣，在人文藝術方面的貢獻。本稿整理目前所有的主要文獻，首先概觀綱吉以前的日本戒殺護生思想，其次進一步研討〈愍生令〉正負兩面的真相。
In Japan, the thought of refraining from killing and protecting living beings has lasted long in the history. However, this long-established action such as releasing captured animal out of pity was almost gone during the troubled warring times in the 15th to 16th century. Yet then in the early 16th century, when the Edo bakufu (shogunate military government) formed and started to govern the whole Japan with great power, this government gradually developed civil administration in the attempt to make people abandon the concept of taking killing and suicide (especially dying for the superior) as war hero’s acts, and to turn the popular sentiment toward the Buddhist thought of refraining from killing and protecting living beings. For a start, the Edo bakufu forbad dying for the superior. Later the 5th shougun Tokugawa Tsunayoshi set up the Edicts on Compassion for Living Beings, which relentlessly terrified those that like to hunt and forced them not to kill. Even though most parts of the edict was abrogated right after Tokugawa Tsunayoshi’s death, the idea that one should not abandon the children, cattle and horses had deeply remained in many people’s mind. The Edicts on Compassion for Living Beings was easily considered as an extremely cruel law which only protects dogs. Fortunately, the science of history which developed well in Japan during the last 25 years has not only uncovered and restored the actual state for people to see Tokugawa Tsunayoshi’s real intention, but also honors the contribution of his favored minister who carried out this law together--Yanagisawa Yoshiyasu--on arts & humanities. This research sorts all the key documents at present, starts with how the thought of refraining from killing and protecting living beings was in Japan before Tokugawa Tsunayoshi, and then discusses the positive and negative facts of the Edicts on Compassion for Living Beings. |
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| Table of contents | 一、前言 111
二、叡尊、忍性這對律僧師徒對戒殺護生的推廣 112
三、民眾和政府高官重新認識戒殺護生思想的兩個具體管道 115
(一)《戒殺放生文》與其日譯本以及模傚新作的流通 116
(二)《智者大師別傳》在日本成立的一些註釋 118
四、德川綱吉的生平與所謂〈愍生令〉的施行 120
五、簡介〈愍生令〉引發的標誌性事件 135
(一) 延寶8年（1680，康熙19年）7月-貞享3年（1686）6月：準備期 137
(二) 貞享4年（1687）1月-元祿3年（1690）10月：第1期：〈愍生令〉正式化 137
(三) 元祿4年（1691）2月-元祿6年（1693）8月：第2期：〈愍生令〉被落實、擴大 139
(四) 元祿6年（1693）9月-元祿8年（1695）4月：第3期：全廢「鷹獵」（日語原文：鷹狩り）140
(五) 元祿8年（1695）4月-寶永6年（1709）1月：第4期：幕府直接創設、運作「養狗院」（日語原文：犬小屋）141
(六) 寶永6年（1709，康熙48年）1月20日：〈愍生令〉正式廢除 145
六、結語 146 |
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| ISSN | 16086848 (P) |
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| Hits | 1281 |
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| Created date | 2016.07.06 |
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| Modified date | 2017.08.16 |
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