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「一葦渡江」與「喫肉邊菜」 -- 兩個著名禪宗故事的歷史探究="Using a Stalk of Reed as a Boat to Sail Across the Yangzi River" and "Eating Only Vegetable that Cooked with Meat": A Historical Survey onTwo Well-Known Stories of Chan Buddhism |
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| 著者 |
曹仕邦 (著)=Tso, Sze-bong (au.)
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| 掲載誌 |
中華佛學學報=Chung-Hwa Buddhist Journal=Journal of Chinese Buddhist Studies
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| 巻号 | n.13.1 |
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| 出版年月日 | 2000.05 |
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| ページ | 267 - 280 |
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| 出版者 | 中華佛學研究所=Chung-Hwa Institute of Buddhist Studies |
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| 出版サイト |
http://www.chibs.edu.tw/publication_tw.php?id=12
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| 出版地 | 新北市, 臺灣 [New Taipei City, Taiwan] |
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| 資料の種類 | 期刊論文=Journal Article |
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| 言語 | 中文=Chinese; 英文=English |
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| ノート | n.13.1為第13期卷上‧中文篇 |
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| キーワード | 一葦可航; 慧能大師披剃前的行獵生涯; 蔬食與喫三淨肉; 求法沙門與旅行商人; "The Yangzi River could be Sailing across by evenAboarding on a Stalk of Reed"; Master Huineng's Career as a Hunter before Enfrocked; Vegetarianism and the Eating of the Three Kinds of Clean Flesh; Cleric Pilgrims and the Secular Traveling Merchants |
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| 抄録 | 禪宗有兩個大家耳熟能詳的故事. 其一是初祖菩提
達磨(Bodhidharma)的「一葦渡江」. 這故事最早記載
於克勤禪師的《碧巖集》，故事說達磨祖師訪問過中
國的南朝後，旋即折下一莖蘆葦，乘著它渡過長江
到北朝去. 而克勤本人亦稱這只是個傳說.
經過仕邦一番探討後，知道這故事起於南宋建炎3年
(1129)金兵大舉南侵並攻佔宋都臨安後. 大抵經此
一役，南宋人感到長江並非難越的天險. 加上其中的知識
份子們想起讀過的《三國志》載有吳國重臣邵續向吳國末代
君主孫皓上疏稱倘使不加強長江沿岸防務，則敵人「一葦可
航(乘著一株蘆葦便可航行過來進攻)」. 緣於邵續的譬喻
，人們便創作了「達磨一葦渡江」的傳說，來諷刺南宋
政府的江防太弱.
其二是六祖慧能的「吃肉邊菜」，這故事僅見於元僧宗寶的
《六祖壇經》. 故事說六祖剃度前曾追隨獵隊作近似僕役的
服務，但他在這期間仍堅持素食. 每當獵人們煮肉之時，
慧能使將野菜寄肉鍋中煮，然後僅喫菜下飯，稱為「吃肉邊菜」.
經過仕邦較深入的探討後，發現慧能本屬南方蠻族的
「獠人」，而這民族在古代以擅長夜獵出名，因此管見
認為獵人隊伍所以接受末出家的慧能，是緣於牠的夜獵
技能，換言之，他其實是獵人的一份子而非隨從，身為
獵人，自然免不了獵殺禽獸，因此慧能在塵世時可能並非
素食主義者.
此外，仕邦在另一探討有關夏人西行求法史的著作(此書
行將刊布)中，發現古時循陸的求法者不問僧俗，都依附
旅行商人的集團西邁. 一來旅行商人們熟悉路途; 二來在
旅途中商人們會提供求法者以飲食.
根據戒律，沙門是許食「二淨肉」的，即末親見殺生的進行
，末聽說特地為招待我而宰殺畜生，更未疑心這些肉特地
為招待我而宰殺烹製，則我這出家人可以喫這份內.
因此在魏晉六朝的求法沙門，是可以接受肉類供養的.
然而到了唐代，西行僧俗都清一色成了素食者，那麼在
途中如何解決食物問題? 仕邦有一假設，就是當旅行商
人們煮肉作餐之時求法者以自攜的乾菜，或在郊野採摘的
野菜寄肉鍋中煮，然後光吃菜疏下飯，如此便不必另行生
火煮食.
倘使仕邦的假設為確，求法僧俗在「吃肉邊菜」了，則大可
斗膽地說這假設的故事為宗寶著書時所吸收，再轉化而為
慧能的故事，用以掩飾六祖在俗世時曾有一段行獵的生涯!
Summary
There are two well-known stories of Chan Buddhism.
The first one is recorded in Ven. Ke-Qin's (克勤,
1063 ~ 1135) Bi-yan Ji (《碧巖集》)，or the Blue Cliff
Record)，says that the Indian monk Bodhidharma
(+536)，the canonized First Patriarch of Chan
Buddhism in China, after visited the Southern Dynasty
of China, he went to the Northern Dynasty by Using a
reed stalk as his ferry to sail across the Yangzi River.
Ke-Qin himself remarks that it is only a legend.
After his survey，the author found that the above-
Mentioned legend is arose after the Tartar Jin (金)
in the Yellow River Valley sent troops to across
the Yangzi to invade the Southern Song Dynasty in
1129，and even occupied her capital Lin-an (臨安).
After the Jin troops returned home in the early of
next year，people of the Yangzi Valley began to
complain the military defence along the Yangzi was
too weak.
At the same time，the intelligences of this Valley
also recalled that in San-guo Zhi (《三國志》，or
The History of the Three Kingdoms) records a high
ranking central official Shao Xu (邵續，227 ~ 275)
presented a memorial to King Sun Hao (孫皓，R. 264 ~ 280),
the last monarch of the Wu (吳) Kingdom，warning that:
"In case we did not enstrenghten our defence along the
coast of the Yangzi now，probably our enemy would easily
sailing across the river by aboarding on a stalk of
reed to come to attack." With the metaphor given by
Shao Xu，then people created the above mentioned legend
concerning Bodhidharma as a way of ridiculing the weak
defending power of their government.
The second one，however，is only recorded in the
Yuan (元) monk Ven. Zongbao's (宗寶n.d.) Liu-zu
Tan-Jing (《六祖壇經》，or The Altar Sutra of the Sixth
Patriarch)，says that before he enfrocked，Hui-neng
(慧能638 ~ 713)，the Sixth Patriarch of Chan Buddhism
in China, had once serving as an attendant to a team of
professional hunters. Even though working in such a
team，Hui-neng still keeping vegetarianism. When
preparing meal for the hunters, he casted vegetables
into the meat cooking pot，and then he ate only
vegetables.
According to the author's intensive survey，he
discovers that Hui-neng is a native of Liao (獠),
a savage tribe of Southern China, and this people is
famous in night hunting. Therefore，he believes that
Hui-neng being accepted by the team due to his hunting
skill. In another word，Huineng was in fact one of
the hunting members in his laity. In this situation,
Huineng could not be escaped from killing animals.
Perhaps he would not be a vegetarian also.
Besides, from the authors another work that concerning
the history of Buddhist pilgrimage from China to India
(this book will publish very soon)，he discovers that
in case a Chinese pilgrim，lay or cleric，who went to |
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| 目次 | 一. 「一葦渡江」故事的來歷
二. 「喫肉邊菜」故事的來歷 |
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| ISSN | 10177132 (P) |
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| ヒット数 | 1683 |
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| 作成日 | 2000.07.21
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| 更新日期 | 2017.06.20 |
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