未來式動詞 (Future Tense)

屬格的用法 (Genitive Case)

獨立屬格結構 (Genitive Absolute)

 

 

 

壹‧未來式動詞 (Future Tense)

1.未來式的構成

 

 

(或強化字根) (未來式接尾詞)

現在式語基 + issa essa (7th) + 現在式動詞語尾 ( ti)

<未來式語基>

 

2.示例:

 

               gam                    > gam-issa-ti                他將去 (he will go)

               bhū                > bhav-issa-ti               他將是、將有 (he will be, there will

                                                                              be)

               labh                    > labh-issa-ti                他將獲得 (he will get)

               sa-vi-bhaj        > savibhaj-issa-ti       他將分與 (he will share)

               dis                      > des-essa-ti                他將開示 (he will teach)

 

 

【注】:as 及其它表示 'to be' 的動詞很少用自已的未來式,而均以

bhavissati 代之。

 

3.未來式動詞語尾

 

 

 

 

< labh >

sg.

pl.

 

3rd.

labh-issa-ti

(將獲得)

labh-issa-nti

(他們將獲得)

 

2nd.

labh-issa-si

(將獲得)

labh-issa-tha

(你們將獲得)

 

1st.

labh-issā-mi

labh-issa-

(將獲得)

labh-issā-ma

(我們將獲得)

 

除「第一人稱單數」多一個語尾 - 外,其餘與現在式完全一樣。

 

4.未來式的「意義」及「用例」:

 

(0) 表示未來動作。

 

 

' Na tāva Bhagavā parinibbāyissati, na yāva Bhagavā bhikkhu-sagha

arabbha kiñcid eva udāharatîti. ' = (阿難想:)「世尊將不會般

涅槃,除非世尊做了某些關於比丘眾的(最後)教示。」 (The

Blessed One will not attain final Nibbāna until he has made some sta-

tement about the order of bhikkhus.) (D.II.p.99.3,大般涅槃經)

(1) 表達「可能(probable)、假設(hypothetical)、決定(decision,1st.

person)」等。

 

 

' Sacâha bho rajja labhissāmi, savibhajissāmi vo rajjenāti.' = 「好

友們!如果我獲得王位,我會將王國分與諸位。」 (" If, gentle-

men, I gain the kingship,I will share it with you.") (D.II.p.233.2,

大典尊經)

'Satta vo bhikkhave aparihāniye dhamme desessāmi,ta suṇātha sādhuka

manasikarotha, bhāsissāmîti ' = 「諸比丘!我將為你們宣說七不退

法,仔細聽,好好思惟!我就要說了。」 ( ' Bhikkhus, I will teach

you seven things that are conducive to welfare. Listen, pay careful atten-

tion, I will speak.') (D.II.p.76.L27-28,大般涅槃經)

(2) 表達「自然律(law of nature)、習慣(habit)(終會、必會),此時語

氣比用現在式表達「永恆真理(eternal truth)」時還強。

 

 

' Dhir atthu kira bho jāti nāma, yatra hi nāma jātassa jarā paññāyissatîti. '

= 「賢友!『生』這事 實在可厭!--既然生者都必將衰老!」

( ' Shame on this thing birth, since to him who is born old age must

manifest itself !') (D.II.p.22.L20-21,大本經)

 

(3) 其它:還可用來表達「困惑、訝異」(「怎麼會 ... 呢?!」)或

「遺憾、非難」(「怎麼 ...?」、「竟然 ...!」)等情感

性的語氣。(常配合 Katha hi nāma = 怎麼、竟然)

 

 

表達「困惑、訝異」

 

 

' Katha hi nāma tāva mahato bhikkhu-saghassa aḍḍha-teasāna

bhikkhu-satāna n' eva khipita-saddo bhavissati na ukkāsita-saddo na

nigghoso ti.' = 「一千二百五十位比丘這樣大的比丘團體,怎麼

會沒有一點咳嗽聲、清喉嚨聲、或任何其他聲音?!」 ( ' How

is it that from this great number of twelve hundred and fifty bhikkhus

not a sneeze, a cough or a shout is to be heard ') (注:nigghosa <

ni(r)-ghosa = - (shouting out),即任何發出的聲音。) (D.I.

p.50.L5-7,沙門果經)

 

表達「遺憾、非難」

 

  Tassa mayha bhante etad ahosi : " Aya ca imesa samaa-brāhma-

ṇāna sabba-bālo sabba-mūḷho. Katha hi nāma sandiṭṭhika

sāmaññaphala puṭṭho samāno vikkhepa byākarissatīti " =

德!我這麼想:「他是這些沙門、婆羅門當中最愚昧、最迷惑的

!當他被問及現世的沙門果報時,怎麼竟答以混亂(令人困惑)

之說?!」 (And I thought : " Of all these ascetics and Brahmins, he

is the most stupid and confused. For how could (will) he reply by evasion

on being asked about the fruits of the homeless life " ) (注:(1)

Aya 指六師外道中的 Sañjaya Belaṭṭhi-putta 「散若耶毘羅提

子」,是詭辯論者,對所有論題不做決定。 (2) mūḷha < muh義為

「錯亂、迷惑」,即頭腦不清楚。(3) vikkhepa 義為「混淆、錯亂

」,此類論者通常被稱為 amarā-vikkhepika 即「如鰻魚般滑動不定

,令人難以捉摸而徒增疑惑的「詭辯論者」。) (D.I.p.59.L14-18,

沙門果經)

  Atha kho tassa aggikassa jailassa etad ahosi : " Yāva bālo aya dārako

abyatto. Katha hi nāma ayoniso aggi gavesissatîti " = 當時,那

結髮的事火外道這麼想:「這孩子多麼笨、多麼不能幹啊!怎麼

這樣不正確的方法取火?!」 (Then the jaila thought : " How stupid

this boy is, how senseless ! What a thoughtless way to try to get a fire ! ")

(注:a-yoniso, ad. 不如理、不正確、不聰明。) (D.II.p.341.L25-

27,弊宿經)

 

5.除「簡單、主動態」動詞外,其它動詞的未來式:

 

(1)  被動態的未來式:

 

 

 

如: han > hañña-ti > haññ-issa-ti 他將被殺 (he will be

killed)

pa-hā > pahīya-ti > pahīy-issa-ti 它將被斷捨 (it will be

given up)

dā > dīya-ti > dīy-issa-ti 他將被給予 (he will be

given)

 

(2) 此外還有「使役未來」、「使役被動未來」等,如:

 

 

dā > dāpeti > dāpessati / dāpayissati = 他將令施 (he will cause to

give) (使役未來)

dā > dāpīyati / dāpiyati > dāpiyissati = 他將被令施 (he will be caused

to give) (使役被動未來)

貳‧屬格的用法 (Genitive Case)

0.屬格的語尾變化:(此處以-a為例,其餘請參見以下「一覽表」)

 

單數 複數

                 buddha            m.          > buddh-assa             buddh-āna

                                                            

                 phala               n.           > phal-assa                phal-āna

                                                            

                 kaññā           f. 少女       > kaññ-āya                kaññ-āna

 

     注:一般而言屬格的語尾變化與「為格(Dative)」同形,二者不易分辨。

 

判別法 F 「屬格」表示「名詞與名詞」之關係,「為格」則表示

「名詞與動詞」之關係。

 

1.屬格的一般意義:

 

 

(1) 表達某人、事(學說、主張)、物的「所有者(Possessor)」。即「所

有者」與「所有物」的關係,如:他們是「Reu王子的」(Gen.)

朋友。

 

(2) 表達某「部份(part)」的「全體(whole)」。即「全體」與「部份」

的關係,如:這是「Reu 王子的」(Gen.) 手。

 

2.屬格的特點:

 

 

屬格表示「名詞與名詞」間之關係,其它格(除呼格外)則表示「名詞與

動詞」間之關係。

 

3.屬格的基本用法:

 

 

(1) 直接置於名詞前,表達該名詞之「所有者(Possessor)」。

 

rañño thūpo = 國王的塔 (a king's monument)

(2) 表達「AB FA (Gen.) + B (Nom.) + be動詞 (hū)(A
B
存在,注意:動詞配合B而非A)

 

rañño putto hoti = 國王有個兒子 (The king has a son)

 

 

(3) 幾個慣用句型:

 

 

A. 表達「某人有...想法」:(Gen. + be動詞)

 

tassa eva hoti ... = 他有這樣的想法/他這麼想 (of him thus it is

/ he has this thought) (ida assa hoti …= 他有這個想法 ……)

(用例請參前面「未來式的意義及用例」(3) 表達「遺憾、非難」)

 

 

B. 表達「經過...的時間」:

 

sattāhassa accayena ... pabbajissāma = 七天後 ... 我們將出家 (

after a week ... we will go forth)

mama accayena = 在我死後 (after me / after I have passed away /

after my death)

 

4.屬格的引伸用法:

 

 

(1) 作「分詞(即名詞性動作)」的作者(Agent)或受者(Patient)

 

 

A. 作為「動作作者」的屬格 (Agent-Genitive / Subjective Genitive)

,功用等於「具格」(Instrumental)

 

Bhava hi Soadaṇḍo brāhmaassa Pokkharasādissa sakkato garu-

kato mānito pūjito apacito. = 因為種德尊者為沸伽羅娑帝婆羅

所恭敬、尊重、敬愛、崇敬、尊崇。 (For the Reverend

Soadaṇḍa is esteemed, made much of, honoured, revered, wor-

shipped by the Brahmin Pokkharasādi) (D.I.p.114.L18-19,種德經)

Yesa bhikkhave bhikkhūna devā Tāvatisā adiṭṭhā,oloketha bhi-

kkhave Licchavi-parisa. = 諸比丘!凡是未曾見過三十三天

的比丘們,諸比丘!你們就看看離車眾吧! (Bhikkhus, any

of you who have not seen the Thirty-Three gods, just look at this

troop of Licchavis !) (D.II.p.96.1-2,大般涅槃經)

... tassa câya sīla-sampadā citta-sampadā paññā-sampadā abhāvitā

hoti asacchikatā, atha kho so ārakā va sāmaññā, ārakā va brah-

maññā. = ... 他(卻)未能於「戒之圓滿(具足)、心(定)之

圓滿、慧之圓滿」修習、作證。那麼,他實在距沙門法很遠,

距婆羅門法很遠! (... but if his morality,his heart and his wisdom

are not developed and brought to realization, then indeed he is still far

from being an ascetic or a Brahmin.) (注:sāmañña samaa

之抽象化,意謂「沙門法、沙門性、沙門位」,即「沙門的狀

態、沙門之為沙門的內涵」,指具足戒、定、慧。) (D.I.p.167.

L16-19,迦葉師子吼經)

Yo hi koci bhikkhave ime cattāro satipaṭṭhāne eva bhāveyya satta-

vassāni, tassa dvinna phalāna aññatara phalapāṭikakha,

diṭṭhe va dhamme aññā sati vā upādisese anāgāmitā. = 諸比丘!

任何人若能這樣修習此四念處七年,他將可預期二果之一:或

者現法證悟;或者如果還有執取殘餘,則為不還果。 (Bhikkhus,

if anyone should develop these four foundations of mindfulness in

such a way for seven years,one of two fruits could be expected for

(by) him : either final knowledge here and now, or if there is a trace

of clinging left,non-return.) (注:aññā 證悟,此處指四果阿羅

漢;anāgāmitā 即三果阿那含。) (D.II.p.314.L11-14,大念處經)

 

B. 作為「動作受者」的屬格 (Patient-Genitive/Objective Genitive)

,功用等於「對格」(Accusative)

 

 

Cīvara paisevati, yāvad - eva sītassa paighātāya uhassa paighā-

tāya, ... n' eva madāya na maṇḍanāya, yāvad - eva ... vihisūpara-

tiyā brahmacariyānuggahāya. = 受用衣服只是為了驅除寒冷、遮

止炎熱... 並非為了憍慢、為了裝飾,而只是要 ... 止息惱害、

資益梵行。 (Use a robe simply for warding off the cold,for warding

off the heat, ...not for indulgence, not for personal charm, but just for

... keeping it unharmed, for furthering the Brahma-faring.) (M.I.p.

10.L5-11,一切漏經)

Ahan tena samayena purohito brāhmao ahosi tassa yaññassa yājetā.

= 我當時是主司那次祭祀的國師婆羅門。 (或:我當時是國師

婆羅門,是那次祭祀的司祭者。) (At that time I was the high

priest who performed that sacrifice (Gen.). ) (注:purohito「國師

婆羅門」,是婆羅門之最上位者,負責佐理國政,並主掌宗教

上的事務,如祭祀等。) (D.I.p.143.L26-27,究羅檀頭經)

 

(2) 可代替具格,表達「充滿(full of)、具有」之義。

 

 

Atha kho ta Ānanda gahapati-ratana ubhohi hatthehi udakaomasitvā

pūra hirañña-suvaṇṇassa kumbhi uddharitvā rājāna Mahā-Sudassa-

na etad avoca : " Ala ettāvatā mahārāja, katam ettāvatā mahārājâti

" = 阿難!當時這位居士寶便以雙手觸(入)水,而後取出滿瓶

金幣,對大善見王說:「大王!這樣足夠嗎?這樣可以嗎?」 (Then,

Ānanda, the householder touched the water with both hands and drew

out a pot full of gold coins,saying : " Is that enough,great king Will that

do ,great king ") (注:pūra hirañña-suvaṇṇassa kumbhi直譯「

充滿金幣的瓶子」。ettāvatā 程度詞,意為「這樣(多)」,so far,

to that extent) (D.II.p.176.L22-26,大善見王經)

Puna ca para bhikkhave bhikkhu imam eva kāya uddha pādatalā

adho kesa-matthakā taca-pariyanta pūra nānappakārassa asucino

paccavekkhati. = 再者,諸比丘!比丘省察這個身體--從腳底

以上、頭頂(頭髮)以下、為皮膚所週匝環覆--充滿種種不淨

(Again,monks,a monk reviews this very body from the soles of the

feet upwards and from the scalp downwards,enclosed by the skin and

full of manifold impurities.) (D.II.p.293.L10-12,大念處經)

 

(3) 常與表示「方位」的不變化詞連用,表達「在A(Gen.) 前、後、

中間、北方...等」。

 

 

me piṭṭhito = 在我後面 (behind me)

 

sattanna ... kāyānam antarena = 在七種元素之間 (between the

seven bodies -- atomic particles)

 

me purato = 在我前面 (in front of me)

 

uttara nagarassa = 城北 (north of the city)

 

 

參‧獨立屬格結構 (Genitive Absolute)

1.使用時機:

 

當一個句子含有兩個(或兩個以上的)動作(action),且這兩個(或兩個以

上的)動作分屬「不同作者(agent)」,此時,各組「作者─動作」便以

「獨立結構」為之。獨立結構有「獨立屬格結構」、「獨立處格結構」、

「獨立具格結構」等,以下先介紹獨立屬格結構。

 

2.獨立屬格結構的一般「句型」:

 

 

A1 ... V1 , A2V2 , B ... V

Gen. pp./ppr.Gen. (同前) Nom. 主要動作

 

‧「A1-V1」、「A2-V2」為分詞子句,「B-V」為主要子句。

‧分詞子句之主詞A1A2用「名詞的屬格」,主要子句之主詞B則用

主格。

‧分詞子句之動詞V1V2用「分詞的屬格」,主要子句之動詞V則用

「一般動詞」,人稱、數與B配合。

‧此處屬格不表「所屬關係」,而是用來表達「獨立句構」。

 

3.「意義」與「例句」:

 

(1) 表達「當 A1V1A2V2時,BV」。

 

eva purohitassa vadamānassa, rājā pakkāmi = 當國師這麼說時,國

王走開了。 (When the high priest said thus, the king went away)

 

 

(2) 表達「即使/僅管 A1V1A2V2B仍然做V」。

 

mātāpitunna rudantāna, rājaputto pabbajito = 儘管父母傷心,王

子還是出家了。 (Although his parents were weeping, the prince went

forth) (mātar, f.; pitar, m.)

 

 

 

 

附:

格 語尾變化 一覽

 

(1) 母音結尾的語尾變化:

 

單數 複數

 

                 buddha            m.          > buddh-assa             buddh-āna

                 aggi                 m.          > agg-ino                   agg-īna

                                                            agg-issa

                 bhikkhu           m. 比丘     > bhikkh-uno             bhikkh-ūna

                                                            bhikkh-ussa

                 ----------------------------

                 phala               n.           > phal-assa                phal-āna        

                 akkhi               n.           > akkh-ino                 akkh-īna

                                                            akkh-issa                                            

                 assu                 n.           > ass-uno                   ass-ūna

                                                            ass-ussa                                              

                 ==================

                 kaññā           f. 少女       > kaññ-āya                kaññ-āna

                 jāti                   f.            > jāt-iyā                jāt-īna

                 nadī             f.            > nad-iyā               nad-īna

                 dhenu              f. 牡牛       > dhen-uyā             dhen-ūna

                 jambū           f. 閻浮樹   > jamb-uyā             jamb-ūna

 


 

(2) 子音結尾的語尾變化:

 

單數 複數

 

                 attan                m. 自我     > attan-o                    attan-a

                                                            att-assa                    att-āna

                 rājan                m.          > rājin-o                    raññ-a

                                                            raññ-o

                                                            rāj-assa                    rāj-āna

                                                            raññ-assa                 rāj-ūna

                 kamman           n.           > kammun-o *

                                                            kamm-assa               kamm-āna

                 ----------------------------

                 bhagavant        m. 世尊     > bhagavat-o              bhagavat-a

                                                            bhagavant-assa         bhagavant-āna

                 gacchant          m.          > gacchat-o                gacchat-a

                  (ppr.)                               gacchant-assa           gacchant-āna

                 ----------------------------

                 hatthin              m.          > hatthin-o

                                                            hatth-issa                  hatth-īna

                 gāmin              n. 導者      > gāmin-o

                                                            gām-issa                  gām-īna

                 ----------------------------

                 vacas               n.           > vacas-o

                                                            vac-assa                   vac-āna

                 ----------------------------

             āyus                n.           > āy-uno *                 āyus-a

                                                āy-ussa                    āy-ūna

                 ----------------------------

                 pitar                 m.          > pit-u *                     pit-ūna

                                                            pit-uno                     pit-unna

                                                            pit-ussa                    pit-āna

                                                                                            pitar-āna

                 mātar               f             > māt-u *                   māt-ūna

                                                            māt-uyā               māt-unna

                                                                                            māt-āna

                                                                                            mātar-āna

 

(3) 代名詞類的語尾變化:

 

單數 複數

 

                 ta(d)                m.n.       > t-assa                      t-esa    (-esāna)

                                                            n-assa                      n-esa    (-esāna)

單數 複數

                 eta(d)              m.n.       > et-assa                    et-esa   (-esāna)

                 ima()             m.n.       > im-assa                   im-esa  (-esāna)

                                                            assa                         esa      (esana)

                 ka                    m.n.       > k-assa                     k-esa   (-esāna)

                                                            k-issa *

                 ka-ci                m.n.       > kassa-ci                  kesañ-ci   (kesānañ-ci)

                                                            kissa-ci *

                 ya(d)               m.n.       > y-assa                     y-esa    (-esāna)

                 sabba              m.n. 一切  > sabb-assa               sabb-esa(-esāna)

                 amu                 m.n.       > am-ussa                  am-ūsa (-ūsāna)

                                                            ad-ussa *

                 ----------------------------

                 ta(d)                f.            > t-āya                       t-āsa    (-āsāna)

                                                            n-āya

                                                            t-assā(ya)

                                                            t-issā(ya) *

                 eta(d)              f.            > et-āya                     et-āsa   (-āsāna)

                                                            et-assā(ya)

                                                            et-issā *

                 ima()             f.            > im-āya                    im-āsa  (-āsāna)

                                                            im-issā(ya) *           

                                                            assā(ya)                   āsa

                 ka                    f.            > k-āya                      k-āsa   (-āsāna)

                                                            k-assā

                 ka-ci                f.            > kāya-ci                   kāsañ-ci   (kāsānañ-ci)

                                                            kassā-ci

                 ya(d)               f.            > y-āya                      y-āsa   (-āsāna)

                                                            y-assā

                 sabba              f. 一切       > sabb-āya                sabb-āsa(-āsāna)

                                                            sabb-assā

                 amu                 f.            > am-uyā               am-ūsa(-ūsāna)

                                                            am-ussā

                 ==================

                 aha                         > m-ama (me)            amh-āka(no)

                                                            m-ama               asm-āka

                                                            m-ayha             

                                                            amha                 amh-a

                 tva                          > t-ava (te)                 tumh-āka(vo)

                                                            t-ava                

                                                            t-uyha

                                                            t-umhatumh-a

v