連續體、絕對體 (GerundAbsolutive)

具格的進一步用法 (Instrumental Case)

現在分詞 (Present Participles)

 

 

 

壹‧連續體、絕對體 (GerundAbsolutiveContinuous)

1.連續體的構成

 

 

 

字根 (少數)

現在式語基

( i )

( e )

-tvā , -tvāna , -tūna , -ya

-tu , -tu , -ya (cca) , -yana

 

連續體分詞屬「不變化分詞(Indeclinable Participle)」,沒有語尾變化。

 

2.連續體的字例

 

(1) 最常見為 + (i e) + -tvā , -tvāna , -tūna , -ya

 

字根 現在式 -tvā -tvāna -tūna -ya

========== ---------- ------------ ------------- ------------- -----------

(k)kam kamati kamitvā -kamitūna -kamma

kar karoti katvā katvāna kattūna -kariya

karitvā kātūna -kiriya

kath katheti kathetvā

gam gacchati gantvā gantvāna gantūna -gamma

gamitvā

ga gaeti gaetvā

(g)gah gaheti gahetvā gahetvāna gayha

gahati gahitvā gahiya

dis dassati disvā disvāna

das dassati dassitvā

字根 現在式 -tvā -tvāna -tūna -ya

========== ---------- ------------ ------------- ------------- -----------

dhā 放置 dahati dahitvā dhāya

dayha

pā pivati pivitvā

pītvā

man 思考 maññati mantvā mantvāna mantūna

muc 解脫 muñcati mutvā -muñca

muñcitvā muñciya

 

(2) 也有 + (i e) + -tu , -tu , -ya (cca) , -yana 的:

 

字根 現在式 -tu -tu -ya (cca) -yana

========= --------- ----------- ------------- --------------- -------------

das dassati daṭṭhu

har harati -haṭṭhu -hacca

kar karoti -kacca

han hanati -hacca

vid vindati -vicca

tar tarati -tariyana

vad vadati -vadiyana

 

3.連續體的「意義」:

 

表達「主要動詞(Main Verb)動作」'之前'的一連串具有時間先後順序

的動作。

 

4.連續體的「使用時機」:

 

必須所有動作(包括主要動詞)的「動作者(Agent)"相同"時才能使用。

 

5.連續體動作的「時間」:

 

連續體為不變化分詞,不能由其本身看出「動作的時間」(ie,過去、現

在、未來),而必須由「主要動詞」來判斷。

 

6.句型與例句:

 

 

<主詞> <連續體子句1> ... <連續體子句N> <主要動詞V>

表達:「主詞」依序做了「連續體子句」1~N,做「主要動作V」。

 

(1) 他殺了敵人之後,我到來。 (After he killed the enemy , I came. )

(「作者」不同,不能用連續體表達)

 

 

(2) so ari hantvā gāma āgacchi = 他殺了敵人,然後到村子來。 (過去式)

(he killed the enemy and (then) came to the village)

(3) so ari hantvā gāma āgamissati = 他在殺了敵人之後,將到村子來。

(未來式) (having killed the enemy, he will come to the village)

 

(4) 經文例句

 

Sāvatthiya viharati. ... Atha kho āyasmā kaccānagotto yena bhagavā

tenupasakami. upasakamitvā bhagavanta abhivādetvā ekamanta

nisīdi. = ... 住在舍衛城。那時,尊者迦旃延氏前去參訪世尊,到了

之後,向世尊問訊,然後,坐於一面。 (While the Blessed One was

at Sāvatthī the venerable Kaccāyana of that clan came to visit him.

Having approached, he saluted the Blessed One, and then sat down at

one side.) (S.II.p.16-p.17.L3,迦旃延氏)

Atha kho Bhagavā pubbaha-samaya nivāsetvā patta-cīvaram ādāya

Rājagaha piṇḍāya pāvisi. = 那時,世尊一早著衣持上衣及缽

[而後]入王舍城乞食。 (Then, when it was morning, the Blessed

One dressed and taking his outer robe and bowl, went into Rājagaha

for alms.) (D.III.p.180.L9-10,教授尸伽羅越經)

 

 

 

貳‧具格的進一步用法 (Futher Uses of the Instrumental Case)

1.具格的進一步用法

 

(1) 表示「伴隨(accompaniment)」:「與...()

 

brāhmaena saddhi = 與婆羅門在一起 (with the priest /accompanied

by the priest)

samaena manteti = 與沙門共論 (he discusses with the ascetic)

 

(2) 表示「具有、具足(possession,endowment)

 

sīlehi samannāgato = 具足眾戒 (endowed with virtues)

 

(3) 表示「原因、理由(cause)」:「因...而、以...()

 

bhagavatā vādena kupito = 因世尊的話而憤怒 (angry at (with) the

fortunate one's statement)

cīvarena santuṭṭho = 滿足於()衣服 (satisfied with the robe)

幾個表達「原因、理由」的字

 

--- atthena = 因為 (because of...)

--- kenacid eva karaṇīyena = 因某事之故 (engaged in some bussiness)

--- iminā p' agena = 由於這個理由 (for this reason)

--- iminā pariyāyena = 基於這個原因 (through this course)

 

(4) 表示動作的「途徑、方向(way,direction)」:「經由、藉由」

 

dvārena = 由此門(進入/離開) (by /through the gate) (entering,

leaving)

 

(5) 表示動作的「方式、狀態(manner,way)」或做「副詞」(...)

 

kāyena paisavedeti = 他以身體覺受 (he experiences through his

body)

santena = 寂靜地 (calmly)

kicchena me adhigata = 我艱辛證得的 (I understood with difficulty)

 

(6) 表達「時間之'經過'(time by means of which)」或「在某特定時間

(particular time at which)

 

aparena samayena = 其後、過了些時候 (after some time)

tena samayena = 那時 (at that time)

rañño accayena = 在國王死後 (after the passing away of the king)

 

2.具格的再進一步用法

 

 

(1) 表示「充滿(filled with)」:

 

Kusāvatī Ānanda rājadhānī dasahi saddehi avivittā ahosi divā c'eva rattī

(ratti). = 阿難!拘舍婆提王都晝夜充滿(不離)十種聲音 (Ā-

nanda, the city of Kusāvatī was never free of ten sounds by day or

night.) (D.II.p.147.L7-8,大般涅槃經)

 

(2) 表示「比較的對象(comparison with)

 

Purisena vā purisa karitvā ... = 或者男子與男子比較之後 ... (Or

having compared men with men ...) (D.I.p.98.L8,阿摩晝經)

 

(3) 表示「交通工具(vehicle)」:

 

Ambaṭṭho māṇavo... yāvatikā yānassa bhūmi yānena gantvā yānā pacc-

orohitvā pattiko va ārāma pāvisi. = 阿摩晝青年婆羅門... 乘車

車乘能到之處,下車,而後步行進入園林。 (The young priest Am-

baṭṭha drove as far as the carriage would go, then alighted and continued

on foot entered the park.) (D.I.p.89.L15-17,阿摩晝經)

 

(4) 表示做某事的「動機(motive)」:「出於...

 

 

Siyā kho pana bhikkhave Satthu-gāravena pi na puccheyyātha ... =

許,諸比丘!你們是出於對老師的尊敬而不()發問 ... (Perhaps,

monks, you do not ask out of respect for the Teacher ...) (D.II.p.155.

L15-16,大般涅槃經)

 

(5) 表示「度量(measure)」:「長...」、「寬...

 

Rañño Ānanda Mahā-Sudassanassa aya Kusinārā Kusāvatī nāma Rāja-

dhānī ahosi, puratthimena ca pacchimena ca dvādasa-yojanāni āyāmena

uttarena ca dakkhiena ca sattayojanāni vitthārena. = 阿難!此拘尸那

羅城即是當時大善見王之王都,名為拘舍婆提,東西長十二由旬,

南北寬七由旬。 (And, Ānanda, this King Mahā-Sudassana has this very

Kusinārā, under the name of Kusāvatī, for his capital. And it was twelve

yojanas long from east to west, and seven yojanas wide from north to

south.) (D.II.p.146.L25-28,大般涅槃經)

 

(6) 表達「種性、族姓(clan,family)

 

Vipassī bhikkhave bhagavā araha sammāsambuddho Koṇḍañño gottena

ahosi. ... Aha bhikkhave etarahi araha sammāsambuddho Gotamo

gottena ahosi. = 諸比丘!那時毘婆尸世尊、阿羅漢、正遍覺者

憍陳若 ... 諸比丘!現在我阿羅漢、正遍覺者姓喬達摩 (Monks,the

Lord Buddha Vipassī fully-enlightened One was of the Koṇḍañña clan ;

... Monks, I who am now the Arahant and fully-enlightened One am of

the Gotama clan.) (D.II.p.3.L12-22,大本經)

 

(7) 表達「與...別異、離異、不伴隨(dissociation)

 

' Ko nu kho bho añño pahoti aññatra Mahā-Govindena brāhmaenâti '

= 大德!(那六位朋友回答說:)「除大典尊婆羅門之外,其他

有誰能夠呢!」 ('Who indeed, Lord, if not the Great Steward ') (D.

II.p.234.L25-26,大典尊經)

Katamo ca bhikkhave piyehi vippayogo dukkho = 再者,諸比丘!

什麼是「愛別離(與所愛別離之苦)」的內容呢? (And, monks,

what is the suffering of being separated from the loved ) (D.II.p.306.

note.3. L7-8,大念處經)

 

(8) 作為「憂惱(不樂)、慚愧、嫌惡...」等動詞之「對象」,作用有

如「對格」。(to be disgusted with ...) (或者亦可視為「原因」)

 

So tena pāpakena kammena aṭṭiyati harāyati jigucchati. = 他對那惡業不

樂、慚愧、厭惡。 (He is horrified, humiliated, and disgusted with that

bad action.) (Vin.I.p.88.L5-6,律藏‧大品)

 

3.其他與具格相關的慣用語:

 

āsanena nimanteti = 邀請入座(以座位招待)(he invites to sit down /

he offers a seat)

kālena kāla = 時時、經常 (from time to time/regularly)

lābhena lābha = 以利求利(貪得無厭)(from gain to gain, wishing

always for more gain /with one gain on to another)

aññena añña = 異問異答(問東答西/以不對題的話回答)(other with

other/irrelevantly)

sabbena sabba = 一切的一切、完全的、澈底的 (all with all, completely,

absolutely thoroughly)

 

4.具格用法歸納

 

具格主要有以下幾類用法:

 

 

(1) 以、用,由 (by,through,in)

 

表示動作的「工具、方式、狀態」,被動句的「動作者」,「途徑、

方向」、「交通工具」或作「副詞」。

 

(2) 因、由 (because)

 

表示「原因、理由」,「動機(出於...)」。

 

 

(3) (with)

 

表示「伴隨」,「比較」,「具有、具足」,「充滿」,或(

義的)「除外、別異、離異」。

 

 

(4) ...時間 (time)

 

表達「時間之'經過',「在某特定時間」,「年齡」等。

 

(5) 於、在...方面 (in some respects)

 

度量(長寬)、類別(種性)等。

 

 

參‧現在(主動)分詞 (Present (Active) Participles)

1.現在分詞的構成:

 

 

現在式動詞語基

-nt(a) -māna -āna

 

2.語尾變化:隨子音結尾的「-ant,ppr.」或母音結尾的「-a」變化。

 

3.字例:

 

字根 現在式動詞3pl. -nt(a) -māna -āna

========== ------------------ -------------- --------------- ------------

as , sa-nti sant(a) samāna

ās āsa-nti āsant(a) āsamāna

accha-nti acchant(a)

kar karo-nti karont(a) karāna

kubba-nti kubbant(a) kubbamāna kubbāna

字根 現在式動詞3pl. -nt(a) -māna -āna

========== ------------------ -------------- --------------- ------------

gam gaccha-nti gacchant(a) gacchamāna

dā dada-nti dadant(a) dadamāna

de-nti dent(a)

pac paca-nti pacant(a) pacamāna

pass passa-nti passant(a) passamāna

budh bujjha-nti bujjhant(a) bujjhamāna

bhū bhava-nti bhavant(a) bhavamāna

hū ho-nti hont(a)

sī se-nti semāna

saya-nti sayant(a) sayamāna sayāna

 

 

4.現在分詞的「意義」:

 

通常表示與「主要動詞」之動作同時發生的動作。

 

5.現在分詞的「用法」:

 

(1) 用於分詞子句 (「性、數、格」隨所修飾的名詞)

 

Dhamma hi Vakkali passanto ma passati, ma passanto dhammam

passati. = 跋迦梨!一個人見法時[]就見到我;而[]見到

我時,他就見到法。 (Verily, seeing the truth,Vakkali, one sees me;

seeing me, one sees the truth.) (S.III.p.120.L29-31,跋迦梨)

Dīgha vā assasanto : dīgha assasāmîti pajānāti, dīgha vā passasanto

: dīgha passasāmîti pajānāti. = 或者,當他入息長的時候,他知道:

「我入息長」;或者,當他出息長的時候,他知道:「我出息長」。

(Breathing in long,he understands : ' I breathe in long';or breathing out

long, he understands : ' I breathe out long.') (M.I.p.56.L15-17, 念處

)

 

(2) 用作形容詞 (「性、數、格」隨所修飾的名詞)

 

dāna dadanto puriso passati = 那個正在布施的人看見 (the person

giving gift sees)

 

(3) 用作名詞 (正做...)

 

dhāva = 正在跑的人 (the running man) (dhāvadhāvant

Nom.sg. < dhāvati < dhāv)

 

6.代名詞「bhavant 有以下兩種用法:

 

(1) 作「現在分詞」,義謂「是(being)」,此時格變化隨 gacchant

 

(2) 作「敬稱詞」,義謂「您、大德」(siryour honour),此時格變

化不規則。

 

此字「主格」視為「第三人稱」:

 

aya bhava = 此尊者 (this honourable)

 

此字「呼格」視為「第二人稱」:

 

tva bho = 大德! (you sir !)

v