| Gāthā | Sentence Translation | Sentence Structure |
| Vocabulary&Grammar | Commentary | Pronunciation |
Who has cut off strap and harness, fetter together with
a bridle,
who has all the obstacles removed and is awakened - him
do I call a Brahmin.
chetvā naddhiṃ
varattaṃ ca sandānaṃ
saha+anukkamaṃ
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N.n. conj. N.n. conj.
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List of Abbreviations
ukkhitta+palighaṃ buddhaṃ
tam ahaṃ
brūmi brāhmaṇaṃ
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Adj.m. Adj.m. Pron.m. Pron.
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chetvā, V.ger.: having destroyed, having cut off. The verb root is chid- (to cut off).
naddhiṃ: naddhi-,
N.f.: strap, thong. It is derived from the verb root nah- (to tie,
to bind).
Acc.Sg. = naddhiṃ.
varattaṃ: varatta-, N.n.: strap, thong, harness. Acc.Sg. = varattaṃ.
ca, conj.: and.
sandānaṃ: sandāna-, N.n.: fetter, cord. It is derived from the verb root dā- (to bind) with the prefix saṃ- (together). Acc.Sg. = sandānaṃ.
List of Abbreviations
sahanukkamaṃ: sahanukkamma-,
Adj.: together with a bridle. It is a compound of:
saha, conj.: with.
anukkamma-, N.m.: that which
keeps animals in regular step, bridle. It is derived from the verb root
kam- (to go) with the prefix anu- (along).
Euphonic combination: saha- + anukkamma-
= sahanukkamma-.
Acc.Sg.n. = sahanukkamaṃ.
ukkhittapalighaṃ:
ukkhittapaligha-, Adj.: having the obstacles removed. It is a compound
of:
ukkhitta-, Adj.: taken up,
lifted up. It is a p.p. of the verb root khip- (to throw) with the
prefix ut- (up).
paligha-, N.m.: obstacle, hindrance.
Acc.Sg.m. = ukkhittapalighaṃ.
List of Abbreviations
buddhaṃ: buddha-, Adj.: Awakened, Enlightened. It is a pp. of the verb root budh-, to awaken. Acc.Sg.m.: buddhaṃ.
tam: tad-, Pron.: it. Masculine form: so-, he. Acc.Sg. = tam (him).
ahaṃ, Pron.: I. Nom.Sg. = ahaṃ.
brūmi, V.: [I] say, proclaim. The verb root is brū-. 1.Sg.act.in.pres. = brūmi.
brāhmaṇaṃ: brāhmaṇa-, N.m.: Brahmin, a holy man. Acc.Sg. = brāhmaṇaṃ.
List of Abbreviations
This verse consists of two syntactically
connected sentences. They are:
1) chetvā
naddhiṃ varattaṃ
ca sandānaṃ sahanukkamaṃ
(who has cut off strap and harness, fetter together with a bridle). The
verb is in gerund, chetvā (having cut
off). There are three objects: the nouns naddhiṃ
(strap, accusative singular) and varattaṃ
(harness, accusative singular) are connected by the conjunction ca
(and). The third object is the noun sandānaṃ
(fetter, accusative singular). It has an attribute, the compound sahanukkamaṃ
(together with a bridle, accusative singular).
2) ukkhittapalighaṃ
buddhaṃ tam ahaṃ
brūmi brāhmaṇaṃ
(who has all the obstacles removed and is awakened - him do I call a Brahmin).
The subject is the pronoun ahaṃ (I,
nominative singular). The verb is brūmi
([I] say, 1st person, singular, active, indicative, present
tense). The object is the noun brāhmaṇaṃ
(Brahmin, accusative singular). It has three attributes, the pronoun tam
(him, accusative singular, accusative singular), the adjective buddhaṃ
(awakened, accusative singular) and the compound ukkhittapalighaṃ
(who has all the obstacles removed, accusative singular).
Two men from Sāvatthi
owned oxen and they quarreled whose ox was stronger. So they filled a cart
with sand and the two oxen tried to pull it. But the cart was so heavy
that the oxen were able only to break the ropes and harnesses. The Buddha
commented on the story with this verse, saying that we should cut the harnesses
and fetters of our mind.
Word pronunciation:
chetvā
naddhiṃ
varattaṃ
ca
sandānaṃ
sahanukkamaṃ
saha
anukkamaṃ
ukkhittapalighaṃ
ukkhitta
palighaṃ
buddhaṃ
tam
ahaṃ
brūmi
brāhmaṇaṃ