Humanistic Buddhism; Humanism in Tibetan Buddhism; Santucci, James A.
摘要
Although the phrase "Humanistic Buddhism" may not be familiar to many Buddhists, its definition offered by the Fo Guang Shan Buddhist Order, founded by Venerable Grand Master Hsing Yun, and by the Order's Los Angeles branch temple, Hsi Lai Temple, is one to which most Buddhists would certainly agree: a basic philosophy of life that encourages us to integrate the Buddha's teachings of kindness, compassion, joyfulness, and equanimity into our daily lives for the benefit of ourselves as well as others. In addition, it teaches us the ways to cultivate the wisdom that clearly understands the true nature of all things. Based on this definition, it is clear that there is nothing novel about Fo Guang Shan's definition but rather an affirmation of the essential Buddhist teaching as reflected in the Four Noble Truths and in the manifestation of that teaching as portrayed in the life of the Buddha, the Exemplar of the teaching. In Tibetan Buddhism, the emphasis on the life of the Buddha is especially important because it illustrates a difficult path requiring perseverance. Therefore, there is considerable discussion of the pervasiveness of suffering and the benefits of escaping its stranglehold. The development of various techniques such as Dzgochen, Mahaamudraa, Cho, or Lamdre ultimately lead to the manifestation of compassion and similar qualities in relation to one's fellow beings and to viewing the world as non-dualistic. 很多佛教徒不一定識「人間佛教」，但由星雲大師所創建的佛光山，以及洛杉磯分院西來寺所提出之定義與詮釋，則為大多數佛教徒所認同：是一項生活基本的哲理，能激勵我們將佛陀慈、悲、喜、捨四無量心的教義融入我們的日常生活中，以利己利人; 同時也教導我們如何開展智慧，以瞭解諸法之本性。 從定義中我們可以清楚的看出，佛光山所提出的定義並無獵奇新創之意，而是對反應在四聖諦與示現在佛陀一生為人師表的行跡上的重要佛法的充分肯定。西藏佛教很重視佛陀的一生行跡，因為成佛之道並非簡易可成之道，是需要堅毅精進的修持，西藏佛教對人生充滿了苦，及如何從苦的束縛中解脫出來作了大量探討。西藏佛教發展出很多的修行方法，例如: 大圓滿、大手印、施身法、道果法等，最終引導人們展示慈悲心、對同胞的同情和理解。在觀察世界之時，他們不再執著於主體和客體的區別的二元論。
