Shingo EINOO: From kāmas to siddhis — Tendencies in the Development of Ritual towards Tantrism … 17
Alexis SANDERSON: The Śaiva Age — The Rise and Dominance of Śaivism during the Early Medieval Period … 41
The Dominance of Śaivism … 44 The Incorporation of Śāktism … 45 The Etiolation and Subsumption of the Cult of the Sun-God … 53 The Decline of Vaiṣṇavism and the Rise of the Tantric Pañcarātra Following Śaiva Models … 58 Royal Patronage of Buddhism … 70
The Viṣṇukuṇḍis of Āndhra … 70 The Maitrakas of Valabhī … 72 The Kārkoṭas of Kashmir … 73 The Licchavis of Nepal … 74 The Ṭhākurī Kings of Nepal … 77 The Bhauma-Karas of Orissa … 80 The Candras of South-East Bengal 83 The Khaḍgas of Samataṭa … 83 The Candras of Arakan and Miscellaneous Other Buddhist Kings of Eastern India 84 The Pāla Emperors and the Great Monasteries of Eastern India … 87 The Pālas’ Engagement with Śaivism … 108 Buddhist Kings of Eastern India and their Commitment to Brahmanism … 115 Joint Patronage of Buddhism and Śaivism in the Kingdoms of the Khmers, Chams, and Javanese … 117
The Development of Tantric Buddhism Through the Adoption and Adaptation of Śaiva and Śākta Śaiva Models … 124
The Parallel Repertoire of Rituals … 124 The Mahāvairocanābhisaṃbodhi, the Mañjuśriyamūlakalpa, and Buddhaguhya … 128 The Sarvatathāgatattvasaṃgraha and the First Inroads of Śākta Śaivism: Possession, Goddesses, and the Sacralization of Sex … 132 The Guhyasamāja: Copulating Deities, Sexual Initiation Rites, and the Sacralization of Impurity … 141 The Sarvabuddhasamāyogaḍākinījālaśaṃvara: Heruka and his Yoginīs, Kāpālika iconography, the Gaṇamaṇḍalam, and the Beginning of Śaiva-Buddhist Intertextuality … 145 The Yoginītantras and the Full Appropriation of Vidyāpīṭha Śaivism … 156
Chronology and Provenance … 158 Śaṃvara/Vajrarudra and Vajravārāhī: The Transformation of Bhairava and his consort … 169 The Rise of the Goddess to Independence … 173 The Adoption of the Vidyāpīṭha’s Caryā and Yoga … 179 The Incorporation of Text-passages from the Vidyāpīṭha … 186 Converting the Outsiders … 220 The Reflux of Buddhist Śāktism into the Śāktism of Bengal … 240
The Jains’ Adaptation of the Śaiva Mantraśāstra … 243 Śaivism in the Brahmanical Substrate … 249 The Causes of the Dominance of Śaivism … 252 The Early Medieval Process … 252 Śaivism and Monarchy … 254 Śaivism and the Royal Temple … 274 Śaivism and New Settlements … 280 Śaivism and Irrigation … 282 Śaivism and Social Integration … 284 The Śaiva-brahmanical Order … 301
Abbreviations … 304
References … 305
Conventions in the Footnotes … 348
Dominic GOODALL: Who is Caṇḍeśa ? … 351
Kimiaki TANAKA: Nāgabodhi’s Śrī-guhyasamājamaṇḍalopāyikā-viṃśati-vidhi — The Sanskrit Text Restored from the Vajrācāryanayottama … 425
Francesco SFERRA: The Laud of the Chosen Deity, the First Chapter of the Hevajratantrapiṇḍārthaṭīkā by Vajragarbha … 435
Taiken KYUMA: Superiority of Vajrayāna — Part I: Some Remarks on the *Vajrayānāntadvayanirākaraṇa (rDo rje theg pa’i mtha’ gñis sel ba) Ascribed to Jñānaśrī … 469
Ryugen TANEMURA: Superiority of Vajrayāna — Part II: Superiority of the Tantric Practice Taught in the *Vajrayānāntadvayanirākaraṇa (rDo rje theg pa’i mtha’ gñis sel ba) … 487
Tsunehiko SUGIKI: The Structure and Traditions of the Systems of Holy Sites in Buddhist Saṃvara Cycle and Its Related Scriptural Cycles in Early Medieval South Asia — The Geography of Esoteric Buddhism in the Eyes of the Compilers of the Scriptures … 515
