Hongzhi Zhengjue; interpenetration of proper and adjunct; principle and phenomena; commentarial verses on old cases; Caodong school
摘要
This paper examines how Hongzhi Zhengjue 宏 智 正 覺 (1091–1157) attempted to re-fashion the identity of the Caodong 曹洞 school through his gong’an commentarial verses. Throughout Hongzhi’s collection of recorded sayings, he viewed the doctrine of the interpenetration of adjunct (pian 偏) and proper (zheng 正) (interpenetration of principle li 理 and phenomena shi 事) as the characteristic pedagogical instrument of the Caodong tradition. By delving into the doctrinal aspect in Hongzhi’s gong’an poetry concerning this teaching, this paper analyzes two essential ways in which Hongzhi distinguished the Caodong from other Chan schools. First, Hongzhi asserted that the interpenetration of principle and phenomena was the central teaching of his lineage. Second, Hongzhi infused the Caodong point-of-view into his gong’an commentaries through metaphors associated with this doctrine. In order to explore the utility of metaphors in Hongzhi’s commentarial verses, this paper first examines crucial metaphors associated with the doctrine of the dyad of principle (proper 正) and phenomena (adjunct 偏) in Caodong literature. It will further demonstrate how Hongzhi used metaphors associated with this teaching to characterize the essence of the Caodong school. It then explores how Hongzhi employed particular metaphors to represent the Caodong tradition and thereby distinguish it from other Chan lineages. Hongzhi’s commentarial verses not only used conventional Caodong metaphors, but also created new ones to convey the doctrine of the interpenetration of principle and phenomena—many of which drew elements from secular literature. He arguably did this to help the Caodong school gain recognition among a broader readership, including the literati. Since the Caodong school was languishing in a state of accelerated decline, revitalizing the school as a whole was a more pressing issue for Hongzhi than Caodong school intersectarian rivalries.
目次
Introduction 79 Crucial Metaphors for the Doctrine of Principle and Phenomena 82 Hongzhi’s Attempt to Reconstruct the Identity of the Caodong Tradition 94 Portraying the Caodong Identity in Gong’an Commentaries 98 Concluding Remarks 113
