Author Affiliations: f Japanese Studies at the University at Albany, SUNY
關鍵詞
esoteric Buddhism; pure land; esoteric nenbutsu; orthodoxy; Dōhan
摘要
New approaches to Buddhist doctrine and practice flourished within and across diverse lineages and sub-lineages in early medieval Japan. The earlymodern and modern sectarianization of Japanese Buddhism, however, has tended to obscure the complex ways that the very idea of orthodoxy functioned in this fluid medieval environment. In this article, I explore attempts to account for the diversity of views regarding] nenbutsu orthodoxy in treatises composed by scholars monks affiliated with Mt. Kōya and Mt. Hiei. In particular, this article contextualizes how these monks constructed the idea of an esoteric nenbutsu by drawing upon earlier taxonomies developed in the Tendai school as well as the East Asian esoteric Buddhist corpus. Ultimately, this study concludes that the esoteric nenbutsu was not the provenance of a particular school or sect, but rather served as a polemical construct designed to subsume the diversity of approaches to nenbutsu praxis as monks in diverse lineages competed with one another to define esoteric Buddhism in the early medieval context.
目次
Defining the Esoteric Nenbutsu 139 The Tendai Roots of the Esoteric Nenbutsu 142
The Fourfold Rise and Fall and the Three Truths of A-mi-da 145 1. teachings that preceded the lotus sūtra (nizen 爾前) 145 2. the trace teachings (shakumon 迹門) 145 3. the source teachings (honmon 本門) 147 4. discerning the mind (kanjin 観心) 147
Dōhan’s Fourfold Nenbutsu Taxonomy 148 1. the shallow (senryaku 浅略) interpretation of Amitābha Buddha 150 2. the profoundly secret (jinpi 深秘) interpretation of amitābha Buddha 150 3. the profoundly secret among the secret (hichūjinpi 秘中深秘) interpretation of Amitābha Buddha 151 4. the profoundly secret among the extremely secret (hihichūjinpi 秘秘中深秘) interpretation of Amitābha Buddha 151
Kōshū’s Fourfold Nenbutsu Taxonomy 152 1. esoteric nenbutsu 153 2. nenbutsu of the tendai school 153 3. shared mahāyāna view of the nenbutsu 154 4. nenbutsu in the pure land school 154
