『梵網經古迹記』의 十長養에 대한 考察 -- 四無量心, 四攝法을 중심으로 =A Study on the 10 Jang Yang(十長養) preached by Rocana Buddha in Beom Mang Gyeong with reference to Beom Mang Gyeong Go Jeog Gi
『梵網經古迹記』=Beom Mang Gyeong Go Jeog Gi; 太賢=Taehyun; 菩薩戒; 10長養=Ten Jangyang; 4無量心=Four Immeasurable States of Mind; 4攝法=Four Methods of Achieving Unity; 『解脫道論』; 『淸淨道論』
摘要
『梵網經』은 위경으로 알려져 있으나 한국을 비롯한 동아시아 불교국가에서 지배층과 백성들에게 菩薩戒 수지의 근간으로서 중시되었다. 『범망경』이 중국 남북조시대에 유행하면서 전란의 와중에 불교의 생명 중시를 비롯한 계율 사상을 전하였다. 『범망경』에서 盧舍那佛의 설법을 구성하는 것은 10發趣心ㆍ10長養 心ㆍ10金剛心ㆍ10地이다. 10장양심은 4無量心, 4攝法으로 이루어지고, 석가모니 붓다의 설법은 10重戒와 48輕戒가 菩薩戒로 설해진다. 『범망경』에 대한 연구는 華嚴, 法相 등 諸家의 스승들에 의한 많은 주석이 있지만 노사나불의 설법에 대한 주석은 太賢의 『梵網經古迹記』뿐이다. 10장양은 50위의 보살수행 가운데 10신을 제외한 地前菩薩의 수행인 3賢의 수행계위 가운데 하나이다. 태현은 『범망경』의 저경을 인용해 3현을 유가행의 도차제로 해석해 순서적으로 信解行의 지혜를 배당하고, 10지에 대해 證所成慧를 배당하였다. 때문에 10장양 가운데 4무량심과 4섭법은 10행의 보살수행이자 解所成慧의 대승보살 유가행에 해당된다고 보았다. 본 논문은 4무량심과 4섭법에 대한 초기교설의 주석을 대승불교시대의 보살도와 유가행과 비교하여 인간사회의 평등과 자비사상을 중요시한 대승보살계의 독특한 사상을 드러내고 이와 관련된 신라사회의 영향을 간접적으로 추증하려는 것이다.
The Beom Mang Gyeong, a Buddhist Sutra translated near about 5th century in China, has been known as a spurious scripture but it has contributed to spread out Bodhisattva precepts to rulers and masses in Northeast Asia, including Korea, Japan, and China, so as to provide them with Buddhist social morals. The previous instances of kings receiving Bodhisattva precepts in China were known to the rulers of the three kingdoms and Gaya in the ancient Korean peninsula. They received Bodhisattva precepts, regarding Buddhism as an ideology of ruling their countries at that time so as to pacify the pains by wars and pray for the peace of the souls of the people killed in wars and eventual results of social stability. In the case of Silla dynasty, the rituals of receiving precepts were transmitted from China by Jajang(慈藏) and Buddhist scriptures concerned with precepts were studied by masters like Taehyun(太賢) and Wonhyo(元曉), and many commentaries were written at that time, which promoted the better understanding of Buddhist precepts, resulting in their developments. One of remarkable sutras concerned with Boddhisattva precepts is Beom Mang Gyeong. Taehyun wrote a commentary known as Beom Mang Gyeong Go Jeog Gi(梵網經古迹記). In the contents of this work, the accounts of Ten Jangyang(十長養) is especially related with the precepts and morals about human society as it includes Four Immeasurable States of Mind(四無量心) and Four Methods of Achieving Unity(四攝法), which is known to have contributed to the harmony and unity of Buddhist orders since the age of Sakyamuni Buddha. In Silla dynasty, the Ten Jangyang must have been a primary precept of Bodhisattva precepts to promote the mutual understanding of rulers and subordinates, providing principles for maintaining society and nation. In Silla dynasty, the studies of Hwaom(華嚴) was prosperous. Bodhisattva precepts were one of expedients for practicing doctrines shown in the Hwaom thought so that it was essential for students of Mahayana precepts to consider scriptures like Bodhisattvabhūmi-sūtra(菩薩地持經) and Beom Mang Gyeong. Taehyun wrote his commentary of Beom Mang Gyeong Go Jeog Gi from the view point of Yoga Order (瑜伽宗), putting emphasis on doctrines of Emptiness and Just a Mind(唯識). Tahhyun was a patriarch of Yoga Order to open and deepen the understanding of Four Immeasurable States of Mind so as to adapt the doctrines of Emptiness and Just a Mind to the understanding of his contemporary people.
目次
Ⅰ. 머리말 137 Ⅱ. 저술배경과 초기교설 138 1. 태현과 문헌의 배경 138 2. 과목과 설주 141 Ⅲ. 10⻑養의 주석 143 1. 배경 143 2. 『범망경』과 10장양 주석 147 3. 10⻑養의 평가 154 Ⅳ. 맺음말 157
