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149 ­¶ ´£­n ¥»¤å¥D­n¬ã¨s¦L«×¦­´Á¤¤Æ[¾Çªº¥|¥y¤Î¨ä§_©wªº·N¸q»P§@¥Î¡C§@ ªÌ¥H¬°¡A¥|¥y¬OÅGÃÒªº©Ê®æ¡A³Qµø¬°¨ì¯u²zªº³~®|¡A©Î¦³Ãö¯u²zªºÅé»{ ¡A¥¦¦³¨â¤è­±ªº§@¥Î¡G±Ð¨|²³¥Íªº§@¥Î»P°Ï¤À¤£¦P¼h­±¯u²zªº§@¥Î¡C´N ±Ð¨|²³¥Íªº§@¥Î¨Ó»¡¡A²Ä¤@¡B¤G¥y±Ð¨|¤Uµ¥®Ú¾¹ªº²³¥Í¡AÅý¥L­Ì¤À§O»â ·|¯u²zªº¥¿­±»P­t­±¡F²Ä¤T¥y±Ð¨|¤¤µ¥®Ú¾¹ªº²³¥Í¡AÅý¥L­Ì»â·|¯u²zªº ºî¦X­±¡F²Ä¥|¥y«h±Ð¨|¤Wµ¥®Ú¾¹ªº²³¥Í¡AÅý¥L­Ì»â·|¯u²zªº¶W¶V­±¡C´N °Ï¤À¤£¦P¼h­±¯u²zªº§@¥Î¨Ó»¡¡A¥|¥y§Î¦¨¤@­Ó¤ÀÃþªºÅé¨î¡Aªí¥Ü¹ï¦P¤@ ªF¦èªº¤£¦P¼h¦¸ªº²z¸Ñ¡GªÖ©w¼h¡B§_©w¼h¡Bºî¦X¼h»P¶W¶V¼h¡C§@ªÌ¥H¬° ¡A¥|¥yªº±Ð¨|»P¤ÀÃþªº§@¥Î¡A³£¦³¤@­Óº¥¦¸¤É¶iªº¶É¦V¡A¦]¦¹¬Oº¥ªº±Ð ªk¡C ¦Ü©ó¥|¥y§_©w¡A§@ªÌ¥H¬°¡A¥|¥y¤¤ªº¥ô¦ó¤@¥y³£¥i¥H³y¦¨·¥ºÝªº¨£ ¸Ñ¡A©ÎÃ䨣¡F ¥|¥y§_©w§Y¬O­n¹ï³o¥|ºØÃ䨣¦P®É§_©w¡A¦ÓÅã¥ÜªÅ©Î¤¤ ¹Dªº¸q²z¡C ³o¥ç¥i¥H»¡¬O¹ï·§©Àªº­­¨î©Êªº§JªA¡C³o¬O¥Ñ©ó¥|¥yªº°ò ¦¦b»y¨¥©Î·§©Àªº¾A¥Î¡A¦Ó·§©À¬O¬Û¹ï©Ê®æªº¡C ¥|¥y§_©w§JªA¤F³oºØ ¬Û¹ïªº©Ê®æ¡AÅã¥Üµ´¹ïªº¯u²z¡A³o§Y¬OªÅ¡B¤¤¹D¡C ¦P®É¡A¥|¥y¬O¦P®É ³Q§_©wªº¡Aµ´¹ïªº¯u²z¥¿¦b³oºØ¦P®É§_©w¤¤®i¥Ü¥X¨Ó¡F ¬G¥|¥y§_©w¬O ¹yªº±Ðªk¡C 150 ­¶ ¡@¡@¥|¥y¡]catuskoti¡^©M¥|¥y§_©w¬O¦L«×¤¤Æ[¾Ç¡] Madhyamika, Madhyamaka ¡^·¥¨ä­«­nªº«ä¦Ò¤èªk¡C ¥Ñ©ó³oºØ«ä¦Ò»PÅÞ¿è¡BÅGÃÒªk³£ ¦³±K¤ÁªºÃö³s¡@¦]¦Ó«Ü§l¤Þ¦ò¾Ç¬ã¨sªÌ¹ï¥¦ªº¿³½ì¡A¦Ó¦³Ãö¥¦ªº±MÃD¬ã ¨s¡A¦b°ê»Ú¾Ç¬É¨Ó»¡¡A¤]«Ü½´«k¡C¥¦¥i¥H»¡¬O°ê»Ú¦ò¾Ç¬ã¨s¬Éªº¤@­Ó¼ö ªùªº¬ã¨s½ÒÃD¡C¬ã¨s¹L¥¦ªº¾ÇªÌ«Ü¦h¡AÀH¤â¤]¥i¥HÁ|¥X¤@¤j°ï¡G¾|ÀØ»¹ ¡] R.H.Robinson ¡^(µù 1)¡B§À¤s¶¯¤@(µù 2)¡B©Ô°¨«n¡] K.V.Ramanan ¡^ (µù 3)¡B´^­}­C¡] R.Pandeya ¡^(µù 4)¡B¬d¥d°Çµ­¦a¡] S.S.Chakravarti ¡^ (µù 5) ©M§Ú¦Û¤v (µù 6)¡C¥t¥~ÁÙ¦³«Ü¦h«Ü¦hªº¬ã¨s¡C¦b³o¨Ç¬ã¨s¤¤¡A ¾|ÀØ»¹©Ò°µªº«Ü³ôª`·N¡A¥L¯S§O´N±Ð¨|ªºÆ[ÂI¨Ó¸àÄÀ¥|¥y¡A«Ü¦³±Òµo©Ê¡C ¡@¡@¥»¤åªº¥Øªº¡A¬O­n°Ñ¦Ò³o¨Ç¬ã¨s¡AÀË°Q³o¥|¥y«ä¦Ò©ÎÅ޿誺®Ú¥»©Ê ®æ¡C§Ú­Ìªº¬ã¨s¡A­­©ó¦L«×¦­´Áªº¤¤Æ[¾Ç¹ï¥|¥yªº³B²z¡A¯S§O¬O¸Ó¾Ç¬£ ³Ð©l¤HÀs¾ð¡]Nagarjuna¡^ªÌ¡C³o¥D­n¨£©ó¥Lªº¥D­nµÛ§@¡m¤¤½×¡n¡] Mulamadhyamaka-karika¡^¤@®Ñ¤¤¡C¥t¥~¡A¤@¦Ê¨÷ªº¡m¤j´¼«×½×¡n¡] Mahaprajnaparamita-sastra¡^Áö¤£¯à½T©w¬OÀs¾ð©Ò§@¡A¥¦µLºÃ¬O¦L«×¦­ ´Á¤¤Æ[¾Çªº§@«~¡A¤º¸Ì¥ç¦³¦h³B°Q½×¤Î»P¹B¥Î¥|¥yªk¡A¬G§Ú­Ìªº¬ã¨s¤] ¬A³o³¡¤åÄm¦b¤º¡C(µù 7) ¡@¡@¦b¤èªk½×¤è­±¡A¾ÇªÌ¹ï¥|¥yªkªº¬ã¨s¡A³ßÅw¹B¥Î²{¥N¤èªk¡A¯S§O¬O ²Å¸¹ÅÞ¿è¡Aµ§ªÌ¦Û¤v¤]§@¹L¹Á¸Õ¡C³o¼Ë°µ¦Û¬OµL¥i«p«D¡C²Å¸¹ÅÞ¿è¬O¤@ ºØÀËÃÒ½×ÃÒªº¦³®Ä©Êªº¤u¨ã¡A¥i¥H´¶¹M¦aÀ³¥Î¡C¥¦ªº¤£¨¬³B¬O¤£°÷¨ãÅé ¡A¤£¯à·ÓÅU¤@¨Ç¯S®íªº¯ßµ¸¡A¨Ò¦p«ä·Q¥vªº¯ßµ¸¡C¥»¤å©Ò¥Îªº¤èªk¡A¥D ­n¤£¬O²Å¸¹ÅÞ¿è¡A«o¬O±j½Õ«ä·Q¥v¡A¦Ò¼{·í¨Æªº½×ªÌ ¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w (µù 1) R.H. Robinson, Early Madhyamika in India and China. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1967, pp.50¡ã58. ¢w¢w"Some Logical Aspects of Nagarjuna's System". Philosophy East and West, 6:4 (1957) pp.291-308. (µù 2) ¡¼¤s¶¯¤@¡B¤W¤s¬K¥­µÛ:¡mªÅÇU½×²z: ¤¤Æ[¡nªF¨Ê¨¤¤t®Ñ©±¡A 1969¡App.82-84¡App.115¡ã120¡C (µù 3) K.V. Ramanan, Nagarjuna's Philosophy as presented in the Mahaprajnaparamitasastra. Rutland, Vt. Tokyo: Charles E. Tuttle Co., Inc. 1966, pp.160¡ã170. (µù 4) R. Pandeya, "The Logic of Catuskoti and Indescriba- bility." In his Indian Studies in Philosophy. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1977, pp.89¡ã103. (µù 5) S.S. Chakravarti, "The Madhyamika Catuskoti or Tetralemma." Journal of Indian Philosophy, 8 (1980), pp.303¡ã306. (µù 6) NG Yu-kwan, "The Arguments of Nagarjuna in the Light of Modern Logic." Journal of Indian Philosophy, 15 (1987), pp.363-384. 151 ­¶ ªº·N¹Ï¡F¨Ã°Ñ¦Ò¤¤´Á¤¤Æ[¾Ç½×ªÌªº·N¨£¡A¥L­Ì¥]¬A«C¥Ø¡]Pingala¡^¡B ²M¿ë¡]Bhavya,Bhavaviveka¡^©M¤ëºÙ¡]Candrakirti¡^¡C¥L­Ì¶ZÂ÷Às¾ð ªº¦~¥N¤£»·¡A¤S¬OÄÝ©ó¤¤Æ[¾Ç¬£ªº¶Ç²Î¡A¨ä¸ÑÄÀÀ³¦³¥i¾a©Ê¡C ¡@¡@¥H¤Wºâ¬O¥æ¥N¡C¤U­±§Ú­Ì§Y®i¶}¹ï¥|¥yÅ޿誺°Q½×¡C ¤@¡B¥|¥yªº¥Ù¬Þ¤Î¨ä»P¯u²zªºÃö³s ¡@¡@¥Ñ¥|¥yªº¦WºÙ¡A¥iª¾¥¦¥Ñ¥|­Ó»y¥y²Õ¦¨¡A³o§Y¬O¡GªÖ©w»y¥y¡B§_©w »y¥y¡BªÖ©w»P§_©wªººî¦Xªº»y¥y¡A»PªÖ©w»P§_©wªº¶W¶Vªº»y¥y¡]©ÎªÖ©w »P§_©wªº¦P®É§_©wªº»y¥y¡^¡C³o¥|¥y©Òªí¥Üªº«ä·Q¡A¥i¥H»¡¬O½aºÉ§Ú­Ì ªí¹F¹ï¨Æª«ªººA«×¤F¡G©Î¬OªÖ©w¡A©Î¬O§_©w¡A©Î¬O¨âªÌ¬Û¨Ã¡A©Î¬O¨âªÌ ³£¤£¨ú¡C ¡@¡@¦b¡m¤¤½×¡n¤¤¡A¦³¤@­Ó¨å«¬ªºÔU¹|§¹¾ã¦aªí¥X³o¥|¥yªº«ä¦Ò©ÎÅÞ¿è ¡G ¡@¡@¤@¤Á¹ê«D¹ê¡B¥ç¹ê¥ç¥ç«D¹ê¡B«D¹ê«D«D¹ê¡B¬O¦W½Ñ¦òªk¡C¡]18¡G8¡A ¡m¤j¥¿¡n30.24a¡^( ³oÔU¹|ªº±ë¤å¬°¡G ¡@¡@sarvam tathyam na va tathyam tathyam catathyameva ca, naivatathyam naiva tathyametadbuddhanusasanam. (µù 8) ¨ä·N«ä¬O¡G ¡@¡@¨C¤@ªF¦è³£¬O¯u¦p¡A³£¤£¬O¯u¦p¡A¦P®É¬O¯u¦p©M«D¯u¦p¡A¬J¤£¬O¯u ¦p¤]¤£¬O«D¯u¦p¡C³o¬O¦òªº±Ðªk¡C ³oÔU¹|Åã©ú¦a¥]§t¤U­±¥|¥y¡G ¡@¡@1.¨C¤@ªF¦è¬O¯u¦p¡C ¡@¡@2.¨C¤@ªF¦è¤£¬O¯u¦p¡C ¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w (µù 7) Ãö©ó¡m¤j´¼«×½×¡nªº§@ªÌ°ÝÃD¤Î¥¦»P¦­´Á¤¤Æ[¾ÇªºÃö«Y¡A°Ñ¦Ò ©å¤å "Chih-i and Madhyamika", Ph.D. dissertation submitted to McMaster University, 1990, Introduction. (µù 8) Louis de la Vallee Poussin, ed. Mulamadhyamakakarikas de Nagarjuna avec la Prasannapada Commentaire de Candra- kirti. Bibliotheca Buddhica, No.IV, St. Petersbourg, 1903¡ã13, P.369. «ö¦¹®Ñ¥D­n¬O¤ëºÙªº¡m¤¤½×ÄÀ¡n(Prasannapa- da ¡m²b©ú¥y½×¡n)ªº±ë¤å¥»¡A¨ä¤¤ªþ¦³¡m¤¤½×¡nªº±ë¤å­ì¤å¡C¤@ ¯ë¬ã¨s±ë¤å¡m¤¤½×¡n¡A³£±Ä¥Î¦¹¤¤©Òªþªº±ë¤å­ì¤å¡C¦¹®Ñ¬O¥Ñ ªk¤ñ¨tªº¦ò±Ð¾ÇªÌ»Z¥P( Louis de la Vallee Poussin )©Ò®Õ ­q¡A¬G¥»¤å¬ÙºÙ Poussin¡C 152 ­¶ ¡@¡@3.¨C¤@ªF¦è¦P®É¬O¯u¦p«D¯u¦p¡C (µù 9) ¡@¡@4.¨C¤@ªF¦è¬J¤£¬O¯u¦p¤]¤£¬O«D¯u¦p¡C ³o¥i¥H¬Ý§@¥|­Ó©RÃD¡A¤À§O¥H²Å¸¹ªí¥Ü¦p¤U¡G ¡@¡@1.¢Þ ¡@¡@2.¡ã¢Þ ¡@¡@3.¢Þ.¡ã¢Þ ¡@¡@4.¡ã¢Þ.¡ã¡ã¢Þ ¢Þªí¥Ü¹ï¯u¦p¡]tathyam¡^ªºªÖ©w¡A¡ã¢Þ«C¥Ü¹ï¯u¦pªº§_©w¡A¢Þ.¡ã¢Þªí¥Ü ³oªÖ©w»P§_©wªººî¦X¡A¡ã¢Þ.¡ã¡ã¢Þ«hªí¥Ü³o¨âªÌªº¶W¶V¡Cªí­±¬Ý¨Ó¡A³o ¥|¥y¬O¥Rº¡¥Ù¬Þªº¡C²Ä¤@¥y¢Þ»P²Ä¤G¥y¡ã¢Þ¤¬¬Û¥Ù¬Þ¡C²Ä¤T¥y¢Þ.¡ã¢Þ¬O ²Ä¤@¥y»P²Ä¤G¥yªºµ²¦X¡A¦]¦¹¤]¬O¥Ù¬Þ¡F¦b¨È¨½´µ¦h¼wªºÅ޿褤¡A¥¦®¯ Â÷¤F¤£¥Ù¬Þ«ß¡]law of non-contradiction¡^¡C¦Ü©ó²Ä¥|¥y¡ã¢Þ.¡ã¡ã¢Þ ¡A³q¹LÂù­«§_©wªº­ì²z¡]principle¡@of double negation¡^¡A¡ã¡ã¢Þ¥i Âন¢Þ¡A¦]¦¹²Ä¥|¥y¥i¼g¦¨¡ã¢Þ.¢Þ©Î¢Þ.¡ã¢Þ¡A³o¨ä¹ê§Y¬O²Ä¤T¥y¡C¦]¦¹ ²Ä¥|¥y¤]¬O¦Û¬Û¥Ù¬Þªº¡C ¡@¡@ÁöµM¦³³o³\¦h¥Ù¬Þ¡A³o¥|¥y¬O³Qµø¬°¨ì¯u²zªº³~®|¡A©Î¦³Ãö¯u²zªº Åé»{¬°ªº¡C³oÂI¥i±q±ë¤åÔU¹|ªº¡©buddha-anusasana¡ª ¡]buddhanusasana¡A³sÁn¡^¤@µü¨£¨ì¡A³o¬O¦òªûªº±Ð¥Ü¤§·N¡F¦b¦ò±Ð¡A¦ò ªûªº±Ð¥Ü§Y·N¨ý¯u²z¡A©Î¯u²zªºÀò­P¡C¹§¼¯Ã¹¤°»ò½Ķ¡G¡©½Ñ¦òªk¡ª¡A ¤]ªí¥Ü³o­Ó·N«ä¡C¡m¤j´¼«×½×¡n´¿¤Þ­z¹L³o­ÓÔU¹|¡A¹ïÀ³©ó³o buddha-anusasana©Î½Ñ¦òªk¡Aª½§@¡©½Ñªk¤§¹ê¬Û¡ª«hª½µø¹ê¬Û©Î¯u²z¬° ¥|¥y¹B¥Îªº¼Ðªº¤F¡C (µù 10) ¡@¡@¥|¥yªº«ä¦Ò¤]Åã¥Ü¦b¡m¤¤½×¡nªº¥t¤@ÔU¹|¤¤¡G ¡@¡@½Ñ¦ò©Î»¡§Ú¡A©Î»¡©óµL§Ú¡A½Ñªk¹ê¬Û¤¤¡AµL§ÚµL«D§Ú¡C¡]18¡G6¡A¡m ¤j¥¿¡n ¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w (µù 9) ®Ú¾Ú±ë¤å­ì¨å»P¹§¼¯Ã¹¤°ªºÂ½Ä¶¡A ³o¥|¥yªº¥DµüÀ³¬O¤@¼Ëªº¡A ³£¬O" sarvam "¡A©Î"¤@¤Á"¡A¬O¨C¤@ªF¦è©Î©Ò¦³ªF¦è¤§·N¡C¦b ¡m¤j´¼«×½×¡n¤¤¡A³oÔU¹|¤]³Q¤Þ­z¹L«Ü¦h¦¸¡A¨Ò¦p: ¤@¤Á¹ê¤@ ¤Á«D¹ê¡A¤Î¤@¤Á¹ê¥ç«D¹ê¡A¤@¤Á«D¹ê«D¤£¹ê¡A¬O¦W½Ñªk¤§¹ê¬Û¡C (¡m¤j¥¿¡n25.61b)¤@¤Á½Ñªk¹ê¡A¤@¤Áªkµê¹ê¡A½Ñªk¹ê¥çµê¡A«D ¹ê¥ç«Dµê¡C(¡m¤j¥¿¡n25.338c) ³o¨â¬q¤å¦r¤¤¡A«Ü²M·¡¦a¬Ý¨ì¡A¡ª¤@¤Á¡ª¬O¥Dµü¡A¥Ñ²Ä¤@¥yª½ ³e¦Ü²Ä¥|¥y¡C¦ý¾|»«»¹«o¥H²Ä¤T¥yªº¥Dµü¬°¡ª¦³¨ÇªF¦è¡]something) ("Some Logical Aspects of Nagarjina's System"¡AP.303; Early Madhyamika in India and China,P.57)³oºØ¬ÝªkÅãµM ¦³°ÝÃD¡C (µù 10) ¦³Ãö¡m¤j´¼«×½×¡nªº¤Þ»y¡A°Ñ¬Ý¤Wª`¡C 153 ­¶ 30.24a¡^ ³oÔU¹|ªº±ë¤å¬°¡G ¡@¡@atmetyapi¡@prajnapitamanatinetyapi desitam,buddhairnatma na canatma kascidityapi desitam. 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Robinson, Early Madhyamika in India and China, p.56 (µù 19) ¡¼¤s¶¯¤@¡B¤W¤s¬K¥­µÛ:¡mªÅÇU½×²z: ¤¤Æ[¡n¡Ap.117¡C 159 ­¶ ¥|¥y¤@¤è­±Åã¥Ü¨ã¦³¤£¦Pµ{«×ªºª¾¯à»P®Ú¾¹ªº¤H¹ï¦P¤@¹ï¶Hªº¤£ ¦Pªº¨£¸Ñ¡A¤@¤è­±¬O¹ï¤£¦Pµ{«×ªº³Q±Ð¤ÆªÌªº´`§Çº¥¶iªº±Ð°V¡C( µù 20) ­n®i¤£¦Pªº¤Hªº¤£¦Pªº²z¸Ñ¥²¶·°ò©ó¹ï³o¨Ç²z¸Ñ¦³©ú½Tªº¤ÀÃþ¡A¥|¥y«K¦³ ³oºØ¤ÀÃþ²[¸q¡C¹ï©ó¤@ÂI¡A¡H¤s¶¯¤@¨Ã¥¼¦³§@¶i¤@¨BªºÄÄÄÀ¡C¹ê»Ú¤W¡A³o ºØ¹ï¤£¦P²z¸Ñªº¤ÀÃþ»P¦ò±Ð¦U¾Ç¬£©Ò²±¦æªº©Ò¿×§P±Ð¡A©Î±Ð¬Û§PÄÀ¡A¦³±K ¤ÁªºÃö³s¡C¦òªº»¡ªk¡AÁöµM³£¬O¦³Ãö¯u²zªº°ÝÃD¡A¦ý¤£¦P¾Ç¬£¹ï¯u²z¦³¤£ ¦Pªº¬Ýªk¡A¬Æ¦Ü¦b³o¨Ç¬Ýªk¤§¶¡¤£µL½Ä¬ð³B¡A¦ý¥¦­Ì³£³Qµø¬°¬O¦òªº±Ðªk ¡A©Î»P¦òªº±Ðªk¬Û²Å¡A³o«h»Ý­n¤@ºØ¶ê¿Äªº¸ÑÄÀ¡A³z¹L¤ÀÃþ¡A¨Ò¦p»¡¦ò ¹ï¤£¦P®Ú¾¹ªº²³¥Í»¡¤£¦Pªº±Ðªk¡A¥H®ø¿Ä³o¨Ç¤£¦P¤§ÂI©Î½Ä¬ð¤§³B¡A³o«K ¬O§P±Ð¡C¥|¥yªº¤ÀÃþªº²[¸q¡A¥¿¦³§U©ó§P±Ðªº¶i¦æ¡C¦b³o¤@ÂI¤W¡A¥¦ªº­« ­n©Ê¤£®e©¿µø¡C ¡@¡@¤W­±§Ú­Ì»¡«C¥Ø»P¤ëºÙ¸Ñ¡©¤@¤Á¹ê«D¹ê¡K¡K¡ª³o¤@¥H¥|¥y¨Óªí¥Üªº¨å «¬ªºÔU¹|¡A¬O´N±Ð¨|ªº²[¸q¤@­±¥ß»¡¡F¯S§O¬O¤ëºÙ¡A¥L¹ï³oÔU¹|©Ò¶Ç¹Fªº ±Ð¤Æªº®ø®§¡A«D±`­«µø¡C¹ï©ó³o¬Û¦PªºÔU¹|¡A²M¿ëªºµÛ²´ÂI«K¤£¦P¡A¥L¬O ±q¤ÀÃþªº¨¤«×¨Ó¸àÄÀªº¡C¥Lªº¡m¯ë­Y¿O½×ÄÀ ¡n³o¼Ë»¡¡G ¤º¥~½Ñ¤J¦âµ¥¹Ò¬É¡A¨Ì¥@¿Íªk¡A»¡¤£ÄA­Ë¡A¤@¤Á¬Ò¹ê¡C ²Ä¤@¸q¤¤ ¡A ¤º¥~¤Jµ¥¡A±q½t¦Ó°_¡A¦p¤Û©Ò§@¡AÅ餣¥i±o¡A¤£¦p¨ä©Ò¨£¬G¡A ¤@¤Á¤£¹ê¡C ¤G¿Í¬Û«Ý¬G¡A¥ç¹ê¥ç¤£¹ê¡C­×¦æªÌÃÒªG®É¡A©ó¤@¤Áªk ±o¯u¹êµL¤À§O¬G¡A¤£¨£¹ê»P¤£¹ê¡A¬O¬G»¡«D¹ê«D¤£¹ê¡C( µù 21) ²M¿ëªº·N«ä«Ü²M·¡¡C¥|¥y¥i³Q¥Î¨Ó´y­z¹ï¦P¤@¹ï¶H¢w¢w¸gÅ窺ª«¨Æ¥ç§Y§Ú ­Ì¦b²{¹ê¥@¬É©Ò¸I¨ìªºªF¦è¢w¢wªº¤£¦Pªº²z¸Ñ¡A©ÎªÌ»¡¡A¥|¥y¥i¥Nªí¤£¦P ªºÆ[ÂI¥H¤F¸Ñ¸gÅç¥@¬É¡C²Ä¤@¥yÅã¥Ü¡A´N±`ÃѪº²´¥ú¡B¥@«Uªº¥ß³õ¨Ó»¡¡A ¸gÅ窫¨Æ¬O¯u¹êªº¡C²Ä¤G¥yÅã¥Ü¡A±q½t°_©ÎªÅªº¥ß³õ¨Ó»¡¡A¸gÅ窫¨Æ³£¨S ¦³¹êÅé©Ê©Î¦Û©Ê¡A¦]¦Ó¬O¤£¯u¹êªº¡C¥@«Uªº¥ß³õ©MªÅªº¥ß³õ¥Nªí¨âºØ¤£¦P ªº«o¬O¤¬¬Û¨Ì«ÝªºÆ[ÂI¡C¬°¤FÁקK­×¦æªº¤H°¾°õ©ó¨ä¤¤¥ô¦ó¤@­ÓÆ[ÂI¡A²Ä ¤T¥y³Q´£¥X¨Ó¡Aºî¦X³o¨âºØÆ[ÂI¡Aªí¥Ü¸gÅ窫¨Æ¦P®É¬O¯u¹êªº©M¤£¯u¹êªº ¡C¤£¹L¡A¡©¯u¹ê©Ê¡ª©M¡©¤£¯u¹ê©Ê¡ª¥i¥H»¡¬O¥Nªí¨âºØ²z¸Ñ¤è¦¡¡A¥¦­Ì¬O °ò©ó¹ï¸gÅ窫¨Æªº¤À§O­p«×¦Ó¦¨¥ßªº¡F¦bı®©ªº¸gÅ礤¡A¥¦­Ì¨Ã¨S¦³¥ß¨¬ ªº¾l¦a¡A¤@­Ó¤wı®©ªº¤H¡A¹ï¤@¤Áªk³£¥­µ¥µø¤§¡A¤£°_¤À§O­p«×¡A¥]¬A¯u ¹ê»P¤£¯u¹êªº¤À§O¡C²Ä¥|¥y«K ¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w (µù 20) Ibid, 10c. cit. (µù 21)¡m¤j¥¿¡n30.108a¡C 160 ­¶ ¦b³o¼Ëªº¯ßµ¸¤U³Q´£¥X¨Ó¡Aªí¥Ü¸gÅ窫¨Æ¬J¤£¬O¯u¹êªº¡A¤]¤£¬O¤£¯u¹êªº ¡C³o²Ä¥|¥y¨ä¹ê³zÅS¤@ºØ¶W¶Vªº¥ß³õ¡A³o¥ß³õ¶W¶V¤@¤Á¬Û¹ïªºÆ[ÂI¡A¦]¦Ó ¦³µ´¹ïªº²[¸q¡C ¡@¡@³o¸Ì§Ú­Ì¥i¥H¬Ý¨ì¡A¥|¥y§Î¦¨¤@­Ó¤ÀÃþªºÅé¨î¡A³o­ÓÅé¨î¤¤¡A¹ï©ó¦P ¤@ªF¦èªº²z¸Ñ¡A¥i³Q¤ÀÃþ¬°ªÖ©wªº¡B§_©wªº¡Bºî¦Xªº©M¶W¶Vªº§ÎºA¡A³o¨Ç §ÎºA¤@¤@»P¦³Ãöªº¥y©Î©RÃD¬ÛÀ³¡A´N¬Y¤@­Ó¯S§OªºÆ[ÂI¬Ý¡A©Ò¦³³o¨Ç²z¸Ñ ³£¥iµø¬°¥¿½Tªº¡C³o«K¬O¥|¥yªº¤ÀÃþªº²[¸q¡C¦³½ìªº¤@ÂI¬O¡A»P¥|¥yÃö ³s°_¨ÓªºÆ[ÂI©Î¨¤«×¡A´N®i¥Ü¹ï¸gÅ窫¨Æªº²z¸Ñ¨Ó»¡¡A³Q¸m©w¦b¤@­Ó¤É¶i ªº¦¸§Ç¤¤¡C³oÂI»P¥|¥yªº±Ð¨|©Êªº²[¸q¤¤ªº±¡ªp«D±`¬Û¦ü¡C ¡@¡@¥H¤W¬O¦³Ãö¥|¥yªº±Ð¨|©Êªº²[¸q»P¤ÀÃþªº²[¸qªº°Q½×¡C¦³¤@­Ó°ÝÃD¬O «Ü¦ÛµM·|´£¥Xªº¡G³o¨â­Ó²[¸q¦³¨S¦³±K¤ÁªºÃö³s©O¡H§Ú­Ìªº²z¸Ñ¬O¡A¤ÀÃþ ªº²[¸q¥i¥H»¡¬O±Ð¨|©Êªº²[¸qªº°ò¦¡A­Õ­Y¨S¦³¤ÀÃþªº²[¸q¦b¥ý¡]ÅÞ¿è¤W ªº¥ý¡A¤£¬O®É¶¡¤Wªº¥ý¡^¡A±Ð¨|©Êªº²[¸q¬O¤£¯à¸¨¹êªº¡C§Y¬O»¡¡A¦b¹B¥Î ¥|¥y¨Ó±Ð¾ÉÅ¥ªÌ®É¡A¾É®v¥²¶·¼ô±x¬Y¤@½×ÃD©ÎÃD§÷ªº½ÑºØ¥i¯àªº²z¸Ñ¡A¯à °÷§â³o¨Ç²z¸Ñ¥[¥H¤ÀÃþ¡A¦w©ñ¦b¤@­ÓÅ޿誺©M¹ê½îªº¯´§Ç¤¤¡F¤£µMªº¸Ü¡A ¥L«K¤£¯à¾A·N¦a¿ï¨ú¤@­Ó¾A·íªº²z¸Ñ¡A¥h±Ð¾ÉÅ¥ªÌ¡C¾É®v¯à§_¦³®Ä¦a¹B¥Î ¥|¥y¨Ó±Ð¾É©Î¶}¥Ü²³¥Í¡AºÝ¿à¥L¯à§_µ½©ó³B²z¨º¨Ç¥H¥|¥y¬°°ò¦ªº¦UºØ²z ¸Ñªº¤ÀÃþªk¡C¤ÀÃþ¤À±o¦n¡A¤S³B²z±o©y¡A±Ð¾É«K¯à¦¬¨Æ¥b¥\­¿¤§®Ä¡C ¤­¡B¥|¥y§_©w»PµL¥Í ¡@¡@¤W­±§Ú­ÌÄÄÄÀ¤F¥|¥yªº±Ð¨|©Êªº©M¤ÀÃþªº²[¸q¡C¥H¤U§Ú­Ì­n¶i¤@¨B°Q ½×¥|¥y§_©w¡C«ö¦b¤¤Æ[¾Ç¥H¦Ü¨ä¥L¦ò±Ð¾Ç¬£¡A¦p¦­´Áªº­ì©l¦ò±Ð¡A¥|¥y¬O ¦³¨âºØ§Î¦¡ªº¡A¨ä¤@¬O¥|¥y¦Û¨­¡A¥t¤@«h¬O¥|¥yªº§_©w¡A©Î¥|¥y§_©w¡C±q ©v±Ðªº²×·¥ªº¥Ø¼Ð¨Ó»¡¡A¥|¥y§_©w¤ñ¥|¥y¦³§ó¬°²`»·ªº²[¸q¡C³oÂI·|¦b«á ·|ªº¸Ñ»¡¤¤©ú®Ô¤Æ¡C ¡@¡@¥|¥y§_©wªº§Î¦¡ªí²{¦b¡m¤¤½×¡nªº¤@­º¨å«¬ªºÔU¹|¤¤¡C³oÔU¹|±`¬°¤¤ Æ[ªº«á¾Ç©Ò¤Þ­z¡A¨äº~Ķ¦p¤U¡G ½Ñªk¤£¦Û¥Í¡A¥ç¤£±q¥L¥Í¡A¤£¦@¤£µL¦]¡A¬O¬Gª¾µL¥Í¡C¡] 1¡G1¡A ¡m¤j¥¿¡n 30.2b ¡^ ³oÔU¹|ªº±ë¤å¬°¡G ¡@¡@na svato napi parato na dvabhyam napyahetutah'utpanna jatu vidyante bhavah kvacana ke cana. ( µù 22) ¨ä·N«ä¬O¡G ¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w (µù 22) Poussin, p.12¡C 161 ­¶ ª«¨Æ¦b¥ô¦ó¦a¤è»P¥ô¦ó®É¶¡³£¤£¯à³q¹L¥Ñ¦Û¥Í°_¡B ¥Ñ¥LªÌ¥Í°_¡B ¥Ñ¦Û¤v»P¤]ªÌ¦X¦@¥Í°_¡A©Î¥Ñ¨S¦³­ì¦]¦Ó¥Í°_¦Ó¦s¦b¡C ³o­ºÔU¹|¥ç¦b¡m¤¤½×¡nªº¥L³B³Q¤Þ­z¥X¨Ó¡C(µù 23)¡m¤j´¼«×½×¡B¤]¤Þ­z ¹L¥¦¡A¦ý¤å¦r²¤¦³¤£¦P¡G ½Ñªk¡K¡K«D¦Û§@¡A «D©¼§@¡A «D¦@§@¡A «DµL¦]½t¡C ¡]¡m¤j¥¿¡n 25.104b ¡^ ³o­ºÔU¹|¤Ï»é¥|­Ó­z¥y¡Gª«¨Æ¥Ñ¦Û¤v¥Í°_¡]¦Û¥Í¡^¦Ó¦s¦b¡Fª«¨Æ¬O¥Ñ¥LªÌ ¥Í°_¡]¥L¥Í¡^¦Ó¦s¦b¡Fª«¨Æ¥Ñ¦Û¤v»P¥LªÌ¦X¦@¥Í°_¡]¦@¥Í ¡^¦Ó¦s¦b¡Fª« ¨Æ¥Ñ¨S¦³­ì¦]¥Í°_¡]µL¦]¥Í¡^¦Ó¦s¦b¡C­Õ­Y¥H¦Û¤v¥Í°_©Î¦Û¥Í§@¥DÃD¡A«h ª«¨Æ¥Ñ¦Û¥Í¦Ó¦s¦b³o¤@­z¥y¡A¬O³z¹LªÖ©w¦Ó¦¨¡Fª«¨Æ¥Ñ¥L¥Í¦Ó¦s¦b³o¤@­z ¥y¡Aªí¥Üª«¨Æ¤£¬O¥Ñ¦Û¥Í¦Ó¦s¦b¡A¬G³o­z¥y¥iµø¬°¬O³z¹L§_©w¦Ó¦¨¡Fª«¨Æ ¥Ñ¨­¥Í¥L¥Í¦X°_¨Ó¦Ó¦s¦b³o¤@­z¥y¡A«Ü©úÅã¦a¬Ý¨ì¡A¬O³z¹L¦Û¥Í»P¥L¥Íªº ºî¦X¦Ó¦¨¡C¦Ü©óª«¨Æ¥ÑµL¦]¥Í¦Ó¦s¦b³o¤@­z¥y¡A¥Ñ©ó­ì¦]¥u­­©ó¦Û¤v¬°¦] »P¥LªÌ¬°¦]¨âºØ¡A¬G³o­z¥yªí¥Üª«¨Æ¥Ñ¬J¤£¬O¦Û¥Í¥ç¤£¬O¥L¥Í¦Ó¦s¦b¡A¥¦ ¬O³z¹L¹ï¦Û¥Í»P¥L¥Íªº¶W¶V¦Ó¦¨¡C³o¥|­Ó­z¥y¤À§O¥]§tªÖ©w¡B§_©w¡Bºî¦X »P¶W¶V¥|ºØ«ä¦Ò¤è¦¡¡A¬G¥iµø¬°¬O¥|¥yªº§Î¦¡¡A©Î¥|¥yªºªÖ©w§Î¦¡¡C«C¥Ø ¦b¥L¹ï¡m¤¤½×¡nªºª`ÄÀ¤¤¡A¤]¥H¥|¥y¤§¦W¨Ó»¡³o¥|­Ó­z¥y¡A ( µù 24) ¹ï ©ó³o¥|­Ó­z¥yªº¤Ï»é«K¦ÛµM¬O¥|¥y§_©w¤F¡C ¡@¡@¥|¥y§_©wªº§@¥Î¬O¬Æ»ò©O¡H¬°¬Æ»ò­n¹B¥Î¥|¥y§_©w©O¡H«C¥Ø¦bµû½×¤W ­zªí²{¥|¥y§_©wªº¨å«¬ªºÔU¹|®É»¡¡G ¤£¦Û¥ÍªÌ¡A¸Uª«µL¦³±q¦ÛÅé¥Í¡A¥²«Ý²³¦]¡C ´_¦¸¡A­Y±q¦ÛÅé¥Í¡A «h¤@ªk¦³¤GÅé¡A¤@¿×¥Í¡A¤G¿×¥ÍªÌ¡C ­YÂ÷¾l¦]±q¦ÛÅé¥ÍªÌ¡A«hµL ¦]µL½t¡C¤S¥Í§ó¦³¥Í¥Í¡A«hµL½a¡C¦ÛµL¬G¥L¥çµL¡C ¦ó¥H¬G¡H¦³¦Û ¬G¦³¥L¡F­Y¤£±q¦Û¥Í¡A¥ç¤£±q¥L¥Í¡C ¦@¥Í«h¦³¤G¹L¡G¦Û¥Í¥L¥Í¬G ¡C­YµL¦]¦Ó¦³¸Uª«ªÌ¡A¬O«h¬°±`¡C¬O¨Æ¤£µM¡C µL¦]«hµLªG¡C­YµL ¦]¦³ªGªÌ¡A ¥¬¬I«ù§Ùµ¥À³¶¦¦aº»¡A¤Q´c¤­°fÀ³·í¥Í¤Ñ¡A¥HµL¦]¬G ¡C( µù 25) «C¥Ø»¡ª«¨Æªº¥Íªº°ÝÃD¡A¬O³z¹L¦]ªG©Ê©Î«Ý¦]½t¦Ó¥ß½×¡A¡©µL¦]µL½t¡ª¡B ¡©µL¦]¦Ó¦³¸Uª«¡ª¡B¡©µL¦]¦³ªG¡ª¡A¬O¤£¦¨ªº¡C³o¨Ç¦]½t¨Ã¤£¥]¬A¦Û¤v¡B ¥LªÌ¡B¦Û¤v»P¥LªÌªºµ²¦X¡B ¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w (µù 23)¡m¤¤½×¡n21:12¡A¡m¤j¥¿¡n30.28c; Poussin, p.421¡C (µù 24)¡m¤j¥¿¡n30.2b¡C (µù 25) Ibid, 10c. cit. 162 ­¶ µL¦]½t¡C§Y¬O»¡¡Aª«¨Æªº¥Í°_¡A¬O¨Ì©ó½Ñ­ì¦]©Î±ø¥óªº»E¦X¡A¦Ó«D¥Ñ¦Û¤v ¡B¥LªÌµ¥¨ä¥L±¡ªp¦Ó¥Í¡C¤£¹L·í§Ú­Ì»¡¨Æª«¤£¯à¥Ñ¦Û¤v¥Í°_¦Ó¦s¦b¡A¤£¯à ¥Ñ¥LªÌ¥Í°_¦Ó¦s¦b¡K¡K®É¡A©Îª«¨Æ¤£¯à¦³¦Û¥Í¡A¥L¥Íµ¥µ¥®É¡A¦¹¤¤ªº¡©¦Û ¤v¡B¥LªÌ¡B¡K¡K¡ª©Î¡©¦Û¡B¥L¡B¡K¡K¡ª¡A«ü¬Æ»òªF¦è©O¡H¬°¬Æ»ò¦Û¥Í¡B¥L ¥Í¡B¦@¥Í¡BµL¦]¥Í³£¤£¥i¯à©O¡HÃö©ó³o¨ÇÂI¡A«C¥Ø»¡¡G ½Ñªk¦Û©Ê¤£¦b²³½t¤¤¡A¦ý²³½t©M¦X¡A¬G±o¦W¦r¡C ¦Û©Ê§Y¬O¦ÛÅé¡A ²³½t¤¤µL¦Û©Ê¡C¦Û©ÊµL¬G¡A¤£¦Û¥Í¡C¦Û©ÊµL¬G¡A¥L©Ê¥çµL¡C ¦ó¥H ¬G¡H¦]¦Û©Ê¦³¥L©Ê¡A¥L©Ê©ó¥L¡A¥ç¬O¦Û©Ê¡C ­Y¯}¦Û©Ê¡A§Y¯}¥L©Ê ¡C ¬O¬G¤£À³±q¥L©Ê¥Í¡C­Y¯}¦Û©Ê¥L©Ê¡A§Y¯}¦@¸q¡CµL¦]«h¦³¤j¹L ¡C¦³¦]©|¥i¯}¡A¦óªpµL¦]¡H( µù 26) ¥Ñ©ó¦Û©ÊµL¡A¦]¦Ó¤£¦Û¥Í¡C³o¥t¤@­±ªº·N«ä¬O¡A­Õ­Y¦³¦Û©Ê¡A«h¯à¦Û¥Í¡C ¥i¨£³o¦Û¥Í¤¤ªº¦Û¡A¬O´N¨º±`¦í¤£Åܪº¦Û©Ê¡]svabhava¡^¦Ó¨¥¡C¦Ó¥L¥Íªº ¥L¡A¥H¦Ü¦Û¡B¥Lªºµ²¦X¡A³£¬O´N¦Û©Ê»¡¡@¡C¹ï©ó¤¤Æ[¾ÇªÌ¥H¦Ü©Ò¦³¦ò±Ð®{ ¨Ó»¡¡A¦Û©Ê³o¼ËªºªF¦è¡A¥»¨Ó¬O¨S¦³ªº¡A¥u¬O¤H·NÃѪººc·Q¡]mental fabrication¡^¦Ó¤w¡A³oºc·Q¦ÛµM¬Oµê¦kªº¡C¨S¦³¦Û©Ê¡Aª«¨Æ¦Û¥Í¤£¥i¯à ¡C¡©¥L¡ª»P¡©¦Û¡ª¬O¬Û¹ï¦Ó¨¥ªº¡A¥L¥Í»P¦Û¥Í¤]¬O¬Û¹ï¦Ó¨¥ªº¡C¬G¤]¨S¦³ ¥L©Ê¡Aª«¨Æ¥L¥Í¤]¤£¥i¯à¡C¦Û©Ê¡B¥L©Ê¤À§O¤£¦s¦b¡A¦]¦Óª«¨Æªº¦Û¥Lµ²¦X ªº¦Û¥L¥Í©Î¦@¥Í¤£¥i¯à¡C«C¥Ø¦b³o¸Ì¡A§_©w¤F¦Û©Ê¡B¥L©Ê¡A¤]§_©w¤F¦Û¥Í ¡B¥L¥Í©M¦@¥Í¡C¦Ü©óµL¦]½t¦Ó¥Í¡A«h®¯Â÷¤Fª«¨Æªº¦]ªG©Ê¡A©Î¦]ªG«ß¡A¬G ³oºØ¥Í¤]¤£¥i¯à¡C ¡@¡@«C¥Øªºµ²½×¬O¡A¡©©ó¥|¥y¤¤¡A¥Í¤£¥i±o¡A¬O¬G¤£¥Í¡ª¡C(µù 27) §Y¬O »¡¡Aª«¨Æªº¥Í°_¡A¤£¯à³q¹L¦Û¤v¡B¥LªÌ¡B¨âªÌªºµ²¦X©Î¨âªÌ³£µLªº±¡ªp¤U ¦¨´N¡A¬Gª«¨Æ¬O¤£¥Í©ÎµL¥Í¡C³o¬O«C¥Ø¥H¬°³oÔU¹|ªº¥D¦®©Ò¦b¡F¦Ó³oµL¥Í ªº­µ¦®¡A¬O³z¹L¥|¥y§_©w¹F­Pªº¡C ¡@¡@¦ýµL¥Í¬O§_ªí¥Üª«¨Æ§¹¥þ¤£¥Í°_©O¡H·íµM¤£¬O¡A§_«h½t°_ªº¸q²z«KµL ±q»¡¤F¡C¯u¹êªº±¡ªp¬O¡Aª«¨Æ¥¿¬O¥Ñ¦]½tªº»E¦X¦Ó¥Í°_ªº¡A³o¨Ç¦]½t¨S¦³ ¦Û©Ê¡A¬OªÅªº¡C¦Ó¥¦­Ì©Ò¥Í°_ªºª«¨Æ¡A¤]¨S¦³¦Û©Ê¡A¤]¬OªÅªº¡CµL¥Íªº½× ÅG©Ò­n»é¥¸ªº¡A¬O¥Ñ¦Û©Êªº¥ß³õ¨Ó»¡ªºª«¨Æªº¥Í°_¡A¦Ó¤£¬O¥Ñ½t°_©ÎªÅªº ¥ß³õ¨Ó»¡ªºª«¨Æªº¥Í°_¡C(µù 28) ¿üÄõ¾ÇªÌ§Jù¤Ú«¢¯Ç¡]David¡@ Kalupahana¡^»P§Ú­Ì¦³¬Ûªñ¦üªº¬Ýªk¡A ¦b½×¨ìÀs¾ð¦b³o°ÝÃD¤Wªº¥ß³õ ¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w ( µù 26) Ibid, 10c. cit. ( µù 27) Ibid, 10c. cit. ( µù 28) ¦³ÃöµL¥Íªº½×ÃÒ¡A µ§ªÌ¦b¥¼µoªí¤§½×¡qÀs¾ðªºªÅ¤§½×ÃÒ¡r ²Ä¥|¸`½×¦P¤@©Ê»P§O²§©Ê¤¤´¿±q¥t¤@¨¤«×¨ÓÄÄÄÀ¡A¥i°Ñ¦Ò¡C ¦ý³o½g½×ÃÒªº¦®½ì¡A©M¦b³oùØ©Ò´£¥Xªº¡A§YµL¦Û©Ê©ÎªÅ¤@ ÂI¡A¨ÃµL²§­P¡C 163 ­¶ ®É¡A¥L»¡¡G ·íÀs¾ð»¡¡A ¡©¤@­Ó¦s¦bª«ªº¦Û©Ê¦b¦]ªG±ø¥ó¤¤¨Ã¨S¦³¼Ð¥Ü¡ª¡A¡] I.3 ¡^¥L¨Ã¤£¬O¦b±Æ¥¸©Î§_©w±ø¥ó¡A «o¥u¬O¦b±Æ¥¸©Î§_©w¦Û©Ê¡] svabhava ¡^¡F³o¦Û©Ê¬O¤@¨Ç­õ¾Ç®a¦b±ø¥ó¡] pratyaya ¡^¤¤¸m©w ªº¡A¥Øªº¦b¸ÑÄÀµ²ªGªº¥Í°_¡C ( µù 29) ±ø¥ó¬O½t°_¸q²zªº°ò¦¡C¸gÅç¥@¬Éªº¤@¤Áª«¨Æ¡A¥u¯à¨Ì©ó³o¨Ç±ø¥ó¦Ó¥Í°_ ¡A¦]¦Ó¬O±ø¥ó©Êªº¡A¥¦­Ì¤£¥i¯à¨ã¦³¦Û©Ê¡C±ø¥ó©Ê³o¤@·§©ÀÅÞ¿è¦a±Æ¥¸¦Û ©Êªº¹w³]¡F¦]¦Û©Ê¬O¦Û¨¬ªº¡B¿W¥ßªº¡A³o¨Ç¤º²[¬°±ø¥ó©Ê©Ò¤£®e¡C ¤»¡B±qµL¥Í¨ìªÅ ¡@¡@¥Ñ¤W­±ªº°Q½×¨£¨ì¡AµL¥Í±Æ¥¸¥H¦Û©Ê¨Ó»¡ªº¥Í¡A¥H¤§¬°¤£¥i¯à¡F¦Ó¦b ¦ò±ÐªºªÅ¤§¸q²z¤¤¡A¦Û©Êªº³]©w¬O¨ü¨ì¿E¯P»P¹ý©³§å§Pªº¡C´N³oÂI¨Ó»¡¡A §Ú­Ì¥i¥H§âµL¥Í±K¤Á¦aÃö³s¨ìªÅ¤è­±¨Ó¡Cµ§ªÌ¦b©å¤å¡q´¼óª»P¤¤Æ[¾Ç¡r (µù 30) (Chih- and Madhyamika¡^¤¤¡A´¿¸ÔºÉ¦aÄÄÄÀÀs¾ð°ò¥»¤W¬O¥H¦Û ©Ê»P¨¸¨£ªº§_©w¨Ó»¡ªÅ¡A¦ÓµL¥Í¥ç¥iµø¬°³z¹L¹ï¦Û©Êªº§_©w¨Ó®i¥ÜªÅ¸qªº ¤@ºØ¤è¦¡¡A¬GµL¥Í»PªÅ¡AÃö«Y¹ê¦b«D±`±K¤Á¡C¥|¥y§_©w³z¹LµL¥Í¨Ó§_©w¦Û ©Ê¡A¥ç¥iµø¬°®iªÅ¸qªº¤@ºØ­«­nªº³]­p¡C ¡@¡@¬G¥|¥y§_©w»PªÅ¸qªº³zÅã¬O¤£¯à¤À¶}ªº¡C¨âªÌªºÃö«Y¡A­Y§ó´NÀs¾ð¥H ´­±ó¤@¤Á¨¸¨£¨Ó»¡ªÅ¤@ÂI¨Ó¬Ý¡A·|Åã±o§ó¬°¾d©T¡C¦p¤W©Ò»¡¡A¹ï¨¸¨£ªº§_ ©w¡A¬OÀs¾ð¦b¹ï¦Û©Êªº§_©w¤§¥~ªº¥t¤@ºØ»¡ªÅªº¤è¦¡¡CÀs¾ðªº½×ÂI¬O³o¼Ë ¡A¤@¤Á¨£¸Ñ³£¥H·§©À¬°°ò¦¡A¦Ó·§©À·í³Q½T©w¤Æ¤U¨Ó®É¡AÁ`³Q°õ«ù¡A¦Ó¦¨ ¬°·¥ºÝªº¨£¸Ñ¡C³o¼Ë«K·|§â¯u²z¢w¢w¦b¦ò±Ð¨Ó»¡¬OªÅ¤§¯u²z¢w¢wªº¾ã¤@©Ê »Pµ´¹ï©Ê¤À³Î¤F¡C(µù 31) ¦]¬°·í·§©À¦¨¬°·¥ºÝªº¨£¸Ñ¡A©Î¡©·¥ºÝ¡ª®É¡A «K¬O°¾­±ªº©M¬Û¹ïªº¡A»P¯u²zµL¤À¤Æ»Pµ´¹ïªº©Ê®æ­I¹D¦Ó¹£¡C¦b³oºØ±¡ªp ¤Uªº¨£¸Ñ¡A¦ÛµM¬O¿ù»~ªº¨£¸Ñ¡A©Î¬O¨¸¨£¡F¦b³zÅãªÅ¸qªº¯ßµ¸¤U¡A¥¦­Ì¬O ­n³Q´­±óªº¡C¦Ó¥|¥y¤¤¥ô¦ó¤@¥y¤£ºÞ¬OªÖ©w¡B§_©w¡Bºî¦X©Î¶W¶Vªº²[¸q¡A ³£©ö³Q°õ¨ú¡A¦Ó¦¨¬°·¥ºÝªº¨£¸Ñ¡A¦]¦Ó¬O¨¸¨£¡AçX¯u²zªºÅã²{¡A°µ¦¨»Ùê ¡C³o¼Ëªº·¥ºÝªº¨£¸Ñ¬O­n³Q§_©wªº¡C¦b³oºØ±¡§Î¤U¡A«K¦³©Ò¿×¥|¥y§_©w¡C ´N¦Û¥Íµ¥ªº¨Æ¨Ò¨Ó»¡¡A­Õ­Y¦Û¥Í¡B¥L¥Í¡B¦@ ¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w (µù 29) David J. Kalupahana, Nagarjuna: The Philosophy of the Middle Way. New York: State University of New York Press, 1986, p.28. (µù 30) Part I, A. 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( µù 34) ¨ä·N«ä¬O¡G ¡@¡@§Ú­Ì¤£¯à»¡¥@´L¦bÀò­P¯Iºn«á¦s¦b¡C ¤]¤£¯à»¡¥L¦bÀò­P¯Iºn«á¤£ ¦s¦b¡A©Î¦s¦b»P¤£¦s¦b¡A©Î¤£¦s¦b»P«D¤£¦s¦b¡C ¥t¤@ÔU¹|¬O¡G ¡@¡@¦p¨Ó²{¦b®É¡A¤£¨¥¦³»PµL¡A¥ç¤£¨¥¦³µL¡A«D¦³¤Î«DµL¡C¡] 25¡G18 ¡A¡m¤j¥¿¡n 30.35c ¡^ ¬ÛÀ³ªº±ë¤åÔU¹|¬°¡G ¡@¡@tisthamano'pi bhagavan bhavatityeva nohyate,na bhavatyubhayam ¡@¡@cetinobhayam ceti nohyate. ( µù 35) ¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w ( µù 34) Poussin, p.534. ( µù 35) Ibid, 10c. cit. 166 ­¶ ¨ä·N«ä¬O¡G ¡@¡@§Ú­Ì¤£¯à»¡¥@´L¦b²{¤µªº¥Í©R¾úµ{¤¤¦s¦b¡C¤]¤£¯à»¡¥L¦b²{¤µªº¥Í©R¾úµ{ ¡@¡@¤¤¤£¦s¦b¡A©Î¦s¦b»P¤£¦s¦b¡A©Î¤£¦s¦b»P«D¤£¦s¦b¡C ³o¨â­ºÔU¹|©Ò­n¶Ç¹Fªºªí­±ªº®ø®§¡A ¬O¦s¦b¡] bhavati ¡^ªº½dÃ¥©Î·§©À ¤£¯à¥Î¨Ó´y­z¥@´L¡] bhagavan ¡^©Î¦òªû¡A¤£ºÞ¥L¬O¤w¸gÀò­P¯Iºn±o¸Ñ²æ ¡A©Î¬O¥Í¬¡©ó²{¤µªº¥Í©R¾úµ{¡A¤´¦b½ü°j¡C§Y¬O»¡¡A§Ú­Ì¤£¯à»¡¥L¦s¦b¡A ¥L¤£¦s¦b¡A¥L¦s¦b©M¤£¦s¦b¡A¥L¤£¦s¦b©M«D¤£¦s¦b¡C¹ï©ó³o¨â­ºÔU¹|¡A«C ¥Ø¨Ã¨S¦³§@¥XÃö­nªº¸ÑÄÀ¡C§Ú­Ìªº²z¸Ñ¬O¡A¡©¦s¦b¡ª©M¡©¤£¦s¦b¡ª¦b»y¨¥ ¾Ç¤W«ü­z³o­Ó¸gÅç©M¬Û¹ïªº¥@¬É¤¤¤@ª«¨Æªº¨â­Ó¬Û¹ï¤Ïªºª¬ºA¡C¡©¦s¦b©M ¤£¦s¦b¡ª©M¡©¤£¦s¦b©M«D¤£¦s¦b¡ª¤]¬O¦p¦¹¡C¥¦­Ì³£¬O³Q¥Î¨Ó´y­z³o­Ó¥@ ¬É¡C³o¼Ëªº½dÃ¥©Î·§©À¦³¨âÂIÄY­«ªº­­¨î¡C²Ä¤@¡A³o¨Ç·§©À©M¥¦­Ì¨Ó©Ò«ü ªºª¬ºA¤§¶¡ªºÃö«Y¡A¬O¬ù©w«U¦¨©Ê®æ¡C¦b§Ú­Ì¹ï»y¨¥ªº¹B¥Î¤¤¡A¬Y¨Ç·§©À ¹ïÀ³©ó¬Y¨Ç­Ó§Oªº¹ï¶H¡Bª¬ºA©Î¦æ¬°¡F³oºØ¹ïÀ³¡A¬O¬ù©w«U¦¨ªº¡C¦¹¤¤¨Ã ¨S¦³¨º¤@·§©À¥²¶·¹ïÀ³©ó¦³­þ¤@¹ï¶H¡Bª¬ºA©Î¦æ¬°ªº¥²µM©Ê¡C¦]¦¹¡A§Ú­Ì §â·§©ÀÃö³s¨ì¥@¬É¤è­±¨Ó¡A§Æ±æÂǦ¹¯à¼Ð¥Ü¥@¬É¡A²z¸Ñ¥@¬É¡A³oºØ¼Ð¥Ü»P ²z¸Ñ¡A¥u¯à¬O¬Û¹ï·N¸q¡A¨S¦³µ´¹ï©Ê¥i¨¥¡C³o«KÃö³s¨ì¤U­±²Ä¤GÂI¡C²Ä¤G ¡A´N·§©Àªº·N¸q¦Ó¨¥¡A·§©À¦Û¨­³£¬O¬Û¹ïªº¡B¨Ì«Ýªº¡C¡©¦s¦b¡ª¬Û¹ï©ó©M ¨Ì«Ý©ó¡©¤£¦s¦b¡ª¡A¤Ï¤§¥çµM¡C¨S¦³·§©À¥i¥H»¡¨ã¦³µ´¹ïªº©M¿W¥ßªº²[¸q ¡A¦]¦Ó¥H¥¦­Ì¨Ó²z¸Ñªº¥@¬É¤]¥u¯à¬O¬Û¹ïªº¨Ì«Ýªº¡C§Ú­Ì¤£¯à³z¹L¥¦­Ì¨Ó ¤F¸Ñ±o¥@¬Éªºµ´¹ïªº©M¿W¥ßªº¥»¬Û©Î¥»½è¡C ¡@¡@­n¤§¡A·§©À¬O¬ù©wªº©M¬Û¹ïªº©Ê®æ¡C(µù 36) ³o¬O·§©Àªº­­¨î¡C¥Ñ©ó ³oºØ­­¨î¡A·§©À¤£¯à¯u¥¿¦a¤ÏÅã¡B®i¥Ü¯u²z¡F«áªÌ¬O¨s·¥ªº©Mµ´¹ïªº©Ê®æ ¡C·§©À¥u¯à¤ÏÅã¡B®i¥Ü¬ù©wªº©M¬Û¹ïªº©Ê®æªºªF¦è¡C¦]¦¹¡A­n¦p¹ê¦aÅã¥Ü ¯u²z¡A·§©Àªº¬ù©w©Ê»P¬Û¹ï©Ê¥²¶·³Q§JªA¡C¥|¥y§_©w¤¤ªº¥|ºØ§_©w¤è¦¡¡A «K¥i»¡¨ã¦³§JªA©Î¶W¶V·§©Àªº³oºØ­­¨îªº§@¥Î¡C ¡@¡@´N¤W­±¦C¥Xªº¨â­ºÔU¹|¨Ó»¡¡A¥¦­Ìªí¥Ü¥@´L©Î¦p¨Ó¤£ºÞ¦b±oı®©«e©Î ±oı®©«á¡A³£¤£¯à¥H¦s¦b¡B¤£¦s¦b¡B¦s¦b»P¤£¦s¦b¡A¤£¦s¦b»P«D¤£¦s¦b³o ¨Ç½dÃ¥©Î·§©À¨Ó´y­z¥Lªºª¬ºA¡C³o­Ó·N«ä¡A¦p¦ó¥i¥HÃö³s¨ì¥|¥y§_©wªº³o ºØ§JªA·§©Àªº­­¨îªº§@¥Î¤W¨Ó©O¡H§Ú­Ìªº²z¸Ñ¬O¡A·í´£¨ì¦p¨Ó®É¡A©Ò«ü¯A ªº¡A¨Ã¤£¬O¥Lªºª«²zªº¡B¥Í²zªº¥Í©R¦s¦b¡A¦Ó¬O¨º¨Ï¥L¦¨´N¦p¨Ó©Ê®æªººë ¯«·N¸qªº¥DÅé©Ê¡C³o¥DÅé©Ê¦bÁô½ªªºª¬ºA®É¬O¦p¨ÓÂáAÅã ¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w (µù 36) ¬ù©wªº (conventional) §Y¬O¼È®É©Êªº¡A¤£¬O¨s·¥ªº¡B²×·¥ªº¡F ¬Û¹ïªº©Ê®æ¤]¥]§t¨Ì«Ý©Ê¡A¥¦¤£¬Oµ´¹ïªº¡C 167 ­¶ ÅS¥X¨Ó«K¦¨ªk¨­¡C¤£ºÞ¬OÁô¬OÅã¡A¥¦³£¤£§@¬°¸gÅ窺²{¶H¥@¬É¤¤ªº¤@¤À¤l ¦Ó¦s¦b¡A«o¬O§@¬°¾Ö©êµÛ¯u²zªºªF¦è©Î¯u²zªºÅé²{ªÌ¦Ó¡©¦s¦b¡ª¡C¥Î±d¼w ¡] I.Kant ¡^ªºÃã·J¨Ó»¡¡A¥¦¬O¥»Åé¬ÉªºªF¦è¡A¤£¬O²{¶H¬ÉªºªF¦è¡C¥»Åé ¬É¬Oµ´¹ïªº¡A²{¶H¬É¬O¬Û¹ïªº¡C¥¦¬J¤£¬O²{¶H¡A¦ÛµM¤£¯à¥H¥u¯à¥Î¨Ó´y­z ²{¶H¬Éªº¬Û¹ïªº·§©À¡A¦p¡©¦s¦b¡ª¡B¡©¤£¦s¦b¡ªµ¥µ¥¨Ó»¡¥¦¡C¬G»¡¥¦¦s¦b ©T¬O¨Ó§´¡A»¡¥¦¤£¦s¦b¤]¤£§´¡C¦b³o¸Ì¡A»¡¦s¦b¤£§´·í¡A¨Ã¤£µ¥©ó¤£¦s¦b ¡C¥¦®Ú¥»¶W¶V¡©¦s¦b¡ª»P¡©¤£¦s¦b¡ª©Ò·§¬Aªº¬Û¹ï©Ê®æªº»â°ì¡A¦ÓÄÝ©ó±q ¹ï©Ê®æªº¥»Åé¬É¡C¦Ó¥|¥y§_©w¥¿¬O­n§JªA·§©Àªº­­¨î¡G¥¦ªº¬ù©w©Ê»P¬Û¹ï ©Ê¡A¥H­t­±ªº¤è¦¡¡AÅã¥Ü¨º¶W¶V©ó¬ù©w©Ê»P¬Û¹ï©Ê¤§¥~ªºµ´¹ïªº²z¹Ò¡A³o ¤]¬O¨s·¥ªº²z¹Ò¡C ¡@¡@¦³Ãö¥|¥y§_©w¹ï·§©Àªº§JªA©Î±Æ©Ú°ÝÃD¡A¥v°ö¶©®æ ¡]M.Sprung¡^»P §Ú­Ì¦³ªñ¦üªº¨£¸Ñ¡C¥L»¡¡G ¥|¥y½aºÉ¤F¡©¦s¦b¡ª¤@°Êµü¦bªÖ»{©Êªº»y¥y¤¤¥i¯à³Q¹B¥Îªº¤è¦¡ ¡C §A¥i¥HªÖ»{¬Yª«¨Æªº¡©¦s¦b¡ª¡A©ÎªÖ»{¡©¤£¦s¦b¡ª¡A©Î¡©¦s¦b »P¤£¦s¦b¡ª¡A©Î¡©¤£¦s¦b»P«D¤£¦s¦b¡ª¡C ¦b³o¥|ºØ¤è¦¡¤¤¡A»y¨¥ ¬O¦s¦³½×¦a¡] ontologically ¡^³Q¹B¥Îªº¡C¤£ºÞ¬O¦b­þ¤@ºØ¤è¦¡ ¤¤¡A ¡©¦s¦b¡ª¤@°Êµü³£ªí¥ÜªÖ»{»y¥y©Ò½Í¨ìªºªF¦èªº¦s¦b©Ê©Î«D ¦s¦b©Ê¡C Às¾ð©M¤ëºÙ§â¥|¥y³£©Ú¥¸±¼¡C¥L­Ì©Ú¥¸¡G¡©¦s¦b¡ª¤@°Ê µüªº¦s¦³½×ªº²[¸q¡] ontologicalimplication ¡^¡C( µù 37) ¦b³o¥|ºØ¤è¦¡¤¤¡A¡©»y¨¥¬O¦s¦³½×¦a³Q¹B¥Îªº¡ªªº·N«ä¬O¡A¥H·§©À¢w¢w¦p ¦b¥|¥y¤¤©Ò¥]§tªÌ¢w¢w¬°¥D­n¤º²[ªº»y¨¥¡A³Q¦s¦³½×¦aµø¬°¥@¬É¤Îª«¨Æªº ¹ê±¡¬ÛÀ³¡C³o¬O¹ï»y¨¥ªº¤£«ê·íªº²z¸Ñ¡A¬O­n³Q©Ú¥¸ªº¡C¦b¥v°ö¶©®æªºµû ½×¤¤¡A¡©¦s¦³½×ªº²[¸q¡ª¥¿¬O§Ú­Ì©Ò»¡ªº¥@¬É¤Îª«¨Æªº¹ê±¡¡C»y¨¥©Î·§©À ¡A¤£ºÞ¥¦­Ì¬O³z¹L¥|¥y©Î¨ä¥L§Î¦¡¨Óªí²{¡A³£¤£¯à¨ã¦³³oºØ²[¸q¡A¦]¬°¥¦ ­Ì¬O¬Û¹ïªº¬Û¹ïªº©M¬I³]©Êªº¡C¦³Ãö¥@¬É»Pª«¨Æªº¹ê±¡¡A§Y¬O¦³Ãö¥@¬É»P ª«¨Æªºµ´¹ïªº¯u²z¡A¨º¬O¶W¶V¥G»y¨¥©Î·§©À©Ò¯à´y­z½d³ò¤§¥~ªº¡C ¤K¡B¥|¥y¬Oº¥¥|¥y§_©w¬O¹y ¡@¡@¦b¡m¤¤½×¡n¤¤¡Aªí¥Ü¥|¥y§_©wªºÔU¹|¡A»·¸ûªí¥Ü¥|¥yªº¬°¦h¡C«áªÌ¥u ¦³¨â­º¡A³o§Y¬O¤W­±´¿¦CÁ|¹Lªº¡©¤@¤Á¹ê«D¹ê¡A¥ç¹ê¥ç«D¹ê¡A«D¹ê«D«D¹ê ¡A¬O¦W½Ñ¦òªk¡ª¡]18¡G8¡A¡m¤j¥¿¡n30.24a¡^»P¡ª½Ñ¦ò©Î»¡§Ú¡A©Î»¡©óµL §Ú¡A½Ñªk¹ê¬Û¤¤¡AµL§ÚµL«D§Ú¡ª¡]18¡G6¡A¡m¤j¥¿¡n30.24a¡^¡CÃö©ó«eªÌ ¡A¥i°Ñ¦Ò¤WÁ|©å¤å¡q±q²{¥NÅÞ¿è¬ÝÀs¾ðªº½×ÃÒ¡r¡]The ¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w (µù 37) Mervyn Sprung, Lucid Exposition of the Middle Way. London and Henley: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1979. P.F. 168 ­¶ Arguments of Nagarjuna in the Light of Mederm Logic¡^¡A¤å¤¤§â¡m ¤¤½×¡nªº¥|¥y§_©wªºÔU¹|¦C¤F¥X¨Ó¡C³o¸Ì§Ú­Ì­n¹ï¥|¥y»P¥|¥y§_©w³o¨âºØ «ä¦Ò§@¤@Á`ªºÀË°Q¡A¥Hµ²§ô¥þ¤å¡CÀË°QªºµJÂI¡A¶°¤¤¦b³o¼Ë¤@­Ó°ÝÃD¤W¡G ¦p¤W©Òªí¥Ü¡A¥|¥y»P¥|¥y§_©w³£¬O¦ò±Ð®{¯S§O¬O¤¤Æ[¾Çªº½×®v¹B¥Î¨Ó®i¥Ü ¯u²zªº¤èªk¡A¥Ø¼Ð¬O¤@¼Ëªº¡F¦ý«o¦³¥|¥y»P¥|¥y§_©wªº¹ï¤Ï©Ê½èªº®t²§¡A ³o¬O¬°¬Æ»ò©O¡Hªí­±¬Ý¨Ó¡A­Õ­Y¥|¥y¬O®i¥Ü¯u²zªº¥¿½T¤èªk¡A«h¥¦ªº§_©w «K¬O¤£¹ï¤F¡A¦Ó¤S¥H³o§_©w¬°®i¥Ü¯u²zªº¥t¥~ªº¤èªk¡A«h§ó¦³°ÝÃD¤F¡C§Ú ­ÌÀ³¸Ó¦p¦ó¬Ý³o¥|¥y»P¥|¥y§_©wªº¥Ù¬Þ©O¡H ¡@¡@§Ú­Ì¦³¥H¤Uªº¬Ýªk¡A¥H¦^À³³o­Ó°ÝÃD¡C ¡@¡@¤@¡B¥|¥y©M¥|¥y§_©w¦P³Qµø¬°®i¥Ü¯u²zªº¤èªk¡A¥¦­Ì¬O§@¬°¤èªk©Îªk ªù³Q«Ø¥ß°_¨Ó¡A¦Ó¤£¬O§@¬°­ì«h¡B­ì²z³Q«Ø¥ß°_¨Ó¡C¬JµM¤£¬O­ì²z¡A«h¥¦ ­Ì­Y¤£¬O¦b¦P¤@®É¶¡¡B¦P¤@³B¹Ò¬I¤§©ó¦P¤@¹ï¶H¤è­±¡A³o¥Ù¬Þ«K¤£¦¨°ÝÃD ¡C§Y¬O»¡¡A­ì²z¬O¤£¯à¦³¥Ù¬Þªº¡C¦ý¥|¥y»P¥|¥y§_©w³£¤£¬O­ì²z¡A«o¬O®i ¥Ü¯u²z©Î¶}¥Ü²³¥Í¦³Ãö¯u²zªº©Ê®æªº¤èªk¡A³o¨âºØ¤èªkÁöµM¬Û¤¬¥Ù¬Þ¡A¦ý ¥i¥H®³¨Ó±Ð¾É²³¥Í¡A¦b¹B¥Î¤è­±¤£¥²¦³¥Ù¬Þªº°ÝÃD¡C¦³¨Ç²³¥Í¾A©y¥H¥|¥y ¨Ó¶}¾É¡A¦³¨Ç²³¥Í«h¾A©y¥H¥|¥y§_©w¨Ó¶}¾É¡A³o¬O¹ï¾÷¬I±Ðªº°ÝÃD¡A¤£¬O ¥Ù¬Þ¤£¥Ù¬Þªº°ÝÃD¡C¨âºØ¤èªk¥u­n¤£¬O¦P®É¹ï¦P¤@²³¥Í¨Ï¥Î¡A«K¨S¦³¬X¬Þ ¡C¾Ú»¡·í¦~ÄÀ­{¦È¥§»¡ªk¡A»¡¨ì¦³Ãö¦Û§Úªº°ÝÃD®É¡A«K´¿¹ï¨º¨ÇÃhºÃ¥Í©R ¦s¦bªº²{¹ê©Ê¦Ó«ùµêµL¥D¸qÆ[ÂIªº¤H¡A«Å»¡¦³¦Û§Ú¡A¥H¥­¿Å¥L­Ì¹ï¥Í©R¦s ¦bªº°¾¨£¡F¦ý¹ï¨º¨Ç¨ü±Cùªù±Ð¼vÅT¦Ó°õ¨ú¦³±ë§Úªº²³¥Í¡A«o«Å»¡µL§Ú¡A ¥H¥­¿Å¥L­Ìªº§Ú°õ¡C(µù 38) ¦³§Ú»PµL§Ú¡A­Y§@¬°­ì²z¬Ý¡A¦ÛµM¬O¥Ù¬Þ¡F ¦ý§@¬°±Ð¤Æ²³¥Íªº¹ï¾÷ªºªkªù¡A¨Ï¦bÆ[ÂI¤W¦³¤£¦P¤ò¯fªº²³¥Í³£¯à»·Â÷¨º ¨Ç¤ò¯f¡A´`§Ç¤F¸Ñ¦ò±Ðªº¥¿²z¡A«h¨S¦³¥Ù¬Þ¡C¥|¥y»P¥|¥y§_©wªº±¡ªp¡A¤] ¬O¤@¼Ë¡C ¡@¡@¤G¡B¬G¥|¥y»P¥|¥y§_©wªº¤£¦P¡A¥u¯à´N¤èªk¨Ó»¡¡C¤W­±´¿´£¥X¥|¥y¦³ ±Ð¨|©Ê»P¤ÀÃþªº²[¡A¤]´¿¸ÔºÉ¦aÄÄÄÀ³o¨â²[¸q¡C¤ÀÃþªº²[¸q¬O±Ð¨|©Êªº²[ ¸qªº°ò¦¡C¹ï²³¥Íªº®Ú¾¹¥i¥H¤ÀÃþ¡A¹ï¯u²zªº¤£¦P¼h­±ªº²z¸Ñ¡A¤]¥i¥H¤À Ãþ¡C¬Æ»ò®Ú¾¹ªº²³¥ÍÀ³¥H­þ¤@¼h­±ªº¯u²z¨Ó¶}¥Ü¡A­Ú¥L¯à´`§Çº¥¶i¦a¤F¸Ñ ¸û°ª¼h¦¸©Î¸û²`¤Jªº¯u²z¡A¥H¦Ü³Ì«á¯à¶ê¹ê¦a§â±o¯u²z¡A³o«h¬O±Ð¨|ªº¨Æ ¡C¬G¤ÀÃþªº²[¸q¾A¨¬¥H¦¨´N±Ð¨|ªº²[¸q¡A¨ä¾ã­Ó¥Ø¼Ð¬O«ü¦V²³¥Íªº±Ð¤Æ¡@ ¡]©v±Ðªº±Ð¤Æ¡^¡A¨Ï¤§³Ì«á¯àı®©¯u²z¡A±o¸Ñ²æ¦Ó¦¨¦ò¡C«Ü©úÅã¡A³o¼Ë ªº±Ð¤Æ¬O­n¸g¾úµ{ªº¡A¬Oº¥¶iªº¡C¥H¤ÀÃþ¬°°ò¦¡]¹ï²³¥Íªº®Ú¾¹¤ÀÃþ©M¹ï ¯u²zªº¼h¦¸¤ÀÃþ¡^ªº±Ð¨|¬Oº¥¶iªº¡A¤ÀÃþ¥»¨­«K¹w»{¯´§Ç©Î¦¸§Ç¡A¦Ó¸¨¨ì ±Ð¤Æªº¹ê½î¤W¨Ó»¡¡A¦¸§Ç¥²¾É¤Þ¤@­Óº¥¶iªº¾úµ{¡A¬G±Ð¤Æªº¹ê½î¥²¬Oº¥¶i ªº¡C¥¦¤£¯à¬O¹yµMªº¡A¹yµMªº¤è¦¡¥i¥H§â¦¸§Ç¤@´Î¥´´²¡C¥|¥y¬J¬O¤ÀÃþªº »P±Ð¨|©Êªº²[¸q¡A³oºØ¤èªkªí²{¦b±Ð¤Æªº¹ê ¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w (µù 38) ³o­Ó¬G¨Æ¦b¦ò±Ð¸g¨å¤¤«D±`¬y¦æ¡A¤v¦¨¬°¦òªù¤¤¦³ÃöÄÀ­{»¡ªkªº ±`ÃÑ¡A¬G¤£¨ã¤Þ¥X³B¡C 169 ­¶ ½î¤W¡A¥²µM¬Oº¥¶iªº±Ð¤Æ¡A©Î¬Oº¥±Ð¡C ¡@¡@¤T¡B¦b¥|¥y¤¤¡A¥Ñ²Ä¤@¥y¦Ü²Ä¥|¥y¡A¯u²z¥Ñ¸û§C¼h¦¸º¥º¥¤É¶i¬°¸û°ª ¼h¦¸¡A¦Ó­×¦æªº¤H¥çº¥¦¸¥Ñ¸û§C¼h¦¸¨ì¸û°ª¼h¦¸¨Ó¤F¸Ñ¯u²z¡C¥|¥y§_©w«h ¤£¦P¡@¡C¥¦¹ï¥|¥yªº§_©w¡A¨Ã¤£¬O¥ý§_©w²Ä¤@¥y¡AµM«á§_©w²Ä¤G¥y¡A²Ä¤T ¥y¡A³Ì«á§_©w²Ä¥|¥y¡A«o¬O¤@¤U¤l§â¥|¥y¤@»ô§_©w±¼¡C§_©w¬Æ»ò©O¡H§_©w ¦Û©ÊªºÆ[ÂI»P·§©Àªº­­¨î©Ê¡C¦ÓµL¦Û©Ê©M¨ã¦³µ´¹ï©Ê®æªºªÅªº¯u²z¡A«K¦b ³oºØ¹ï¥|¥yªº¤@¤U¤lªº§_©w¤¤ÅãÅS¥X¨Ó¡C¯u²z¤@¤U¤l³Q®i¥Ü¥X¨Ó¡A­×¦æªº ¤H¤]¦b¤@¤U¤l¶¡¤F®©±o¯u²z¡C³o¤@¤U¤l§Yªí¥Ü¤@¹yµMªºÄ±®©¤è¦¡¡C¦b¥|¥y §_©w¤¤¡A¨C¤@¥y©Ò§_©wªº¡A³£¦P¼Ë¬O¦Û©ÊªºÆ[ÂI©M·§©Àªº­­¨î©Ê¡A©Ò®i¥Ü ªº³£¬OµL¦Û©Ê©M¨ã¦³µ´¹ï©Ê®æªºªÅªº¯u²z¡A¦¹¤¤¨S¦³¾úµ{¥i¨¥¡A­×¦æªº¤H ¤]¤£¥²´`§Çº¥¶i¦a¤F¸ÑªÅ²z¡A«o¬O¤@¤U¤l«K§â±o¥¦¡A©Î¹yµM¦a§â±o¥¦¡C³o «K¬O¹y±Ð¡C ¡@¡@¥|¡B¦]¦¹¦bÀs¾ðªº¥|¥yªk¤¤¡A¦³º¥¡B¹y¨âºØ±Ð¥h¡G¥|¥y¬Oº¥¡A¥|¥y§_ ©w¬O¹y¡C¦b³o¨âºØ¤è¦¡¤¤¡AÀs¾ð¸û­«µø­þ¤@ºØ©O¡H±q¡m¤¤½×¡n¤¤¥u¦³¨â­º ÔU¹|¬O¥|¥y§Î¦¡¡A«o¦³·¥¦hÔU¹|¬O¥|¥y§_©w§Î¦¡ªº±¡ªp¬Ý¡A¦bªí­±¤W¡AÀs ¾ðÀ³¬O¸û¬°­«µø¥|¥y§_©wªº¹yµM±Ðªkªº¡C(µù 39) ¨Æ¹ê¤W¡AÀs¾ð¹ï¥|¥y§_ ©wªº­«µø¬O¤£®e¸mºÃªº¡C¡m¤¤½×¡n¥þ®Ñ¥H¨â­ºÔU¹|¶}©l¡A¨ä¤@¬O¥H¥|¥y§_ ©w§Î¦¡¥X¤§ªº©Ò¿×¡©¤K¤£¡ªÔU¡A¸òµÛªº¬O§@ªÌªºÂ§ÆgÔU©ÎÂk·qÔU¡A«Ü©úÅã »¡©ú³oÂI¡C³o¨â­ºÔU¹|¬O¡G ¤£¥Í¥ç¤£·À¡A¤£±`¥ç¤£Â_¡A¤£¤@¥ç¤£²§¡A¤£¨Ó¥ç¤£¥h¡]¥X¡^¡C¡]¡m¤j¥¿¡n 30.1b¡^ ¯à»¡¬O¦]½t¡Aµ½·À½ÑÀ¸½×¡A§Ú½]­ºÂ§¦ò¡A½Ñ»¡¤¤²Ä¤@¡C¡]Ibid,10c.cit¡^ ¨ä±ë¤å­ì¤å¬°¡G anirodhamanutpadamanucchedamasasvatam, anekarthamananarthamanagamamanirgamam. (µù 40) yah pratityasamutpadam prapancopasamam sivam, desayamasa sambuddhastam vande vadatam varam. (µù 41) ·N«ä¬O¡G ¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w (µù 39) ©å¤å" The Arguments of Nagarjuna in the Light of Modern Logic" ´¿¦C¥X¤Q­º¥|¥y§_©w§Î¦¡ªº¡m¤¤½×¡nÔU¹|¡C³o¬O¾|ÀØ»¹ ¦b¥LªºµÛ§@¤¤©Ò¥¼¤Î¦CÁ|ªº¡C­Y¥[¤W¾|ÀØ»¹¦b¨äµÛ§@¤¤©Ò´¿¦C Á|ªº¡A¥|¥y§_©w§Î¦¡ªº¡m¤¤½×¡nÔU¹|·í»·»·¶W¹L¤Q­º¤§¼Æ¡C (µù 40) Poussin, p.11 (µù 41) Ibid, 10c. cit. 170 ­¶ ¤£¥Í°_¡A¤£·Àªk¡A¤£Ãa·À¡A¤£±`¦í¡A¤£¦P¤@¡A¤£¤À§O¡A¤£¨Ó¡]¦Ó¦¨ ¬°¦s¦b¡^¡A¤£¥h¡]¦Ó»·Â÷¦s¦b¡^¡C §Ú³»Â§¨º§¹¥þªºÄ±®©ªÌ¡A¥L¬O¦Ü¤Wªº¦Ñ®v¡A´¿¶}¥Ü½t°_ªº¸q²z¡A©M ºÖ¯§ªº±I·À¹Ò¬É¡A¦b³o¹Ò¬É¤¤¡A¤@¤Á²{¶H©Êªº«ä·QÀçºc³£­n®ø¥¢¡C ³o¨âÔU¹|©ñ¦b¥þ®Ñ¤§­º¡A¤£ÄÝ©ó¤U­±¥ô¦ó¤@³¹¡A«o¬OÁ`­z¥þ®Ñªº¥D¦®¡A¨ä ­«­n©Ê¥iª¾¡C³o¥þ®Ñªº¥D¦®§Y¬O³z¹L¬Û¹ï·§©Àªº§_©w¨Ó®i¥Ü½t°_¦]¦Ó¬OªÅ ªº¯u²z¡C(µù 42) ³o¨Ç¬Û¹ï·§©À¡A¦p¥Í·À¡B±`Â_¡B¤@²§¡B¨Ó¥h¡A¤@¤è­±³£ ©ö³Q°õ¨ú¬°¦³¨ä¦Û©Ê¡A¤@¤è­±¤S©ö¥H¨ä¬°¤@°¾ªº©Ê®æ¡A­­¨î¤Fª«¨Æªº¾ã¥þ ª¬ºA¡A¦Ó»Ù®`¤F¤H­Ì¹ïª«¨Æªº¾ã¥þªº¤F¸Ñ¡A¦]¦Ó¤£¯à¤F¸Ñª«¨Æªº¯u¬Û©Î¯u ²z¡C¬GÀs¾ð¦P®É§_©w¤F¥¦­Ì¤KªÌ¡A¦Ó¦¨¡©¤K¤£¡ª¡A©Î¤K¤è§_©w¡A¦b³o§_©w ·í¨à¡AµL¦Û©Ê¤Î¶W¶VºØºØ·§©Àªº­­¨îªºªÅ¸q«KÅã¥X¨Ó¤F¡C¡©¤K¡ªªº¼Æ¥Ø¬O µL©Ò¿×ªº¡A¥¦¥i¥H¬O¤»¡A¤]¥i¥H¬O¤Q¡A©Î¨ä¥L¡C³o¥u¬O±ë¤åÔU¹|¨C¥yªº­µ ¸`»Ý¦³¤@©w¼Æ¥Øªºµ²ªG¡C(µù 43) ³o¤K­Ó·§©À¡A¥i¥H¡©¥Í¡ª¨Ó·§¬A¡A¦]¦Ó ¹ï³o¤K­Ó·§©Àªº§_©w¡A«K¦¨¤F¤£¥Í¡A©ÎµL¥Í¡]anutpadam¡^¡C¦ÓµL¥Íªº¸q ²z¡A¥¿¬O³z¹L¥|¥y§_©wªº§Î¦¡®i¥Ü¥X¨Óªº¡C§Ú­Ì¥i¥H»¡¡A¥Ñ¡©µL¥Í¡ª¦ÓÅ㠪Ÿq¬O¡m¤¤½×¡nªº¦®½ì¡A¦Ó½×ÃÒµL¥Í¥¿²zªº«ä·Q¤èªk¡A¥¿¬O¥|¥y§_©w¡C ¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w (µù 42) ¤@¤Áª«¨Æ³£¬O¨Ì¦]«Ý½t¦Ó¥Í°_¡A¿×½t°_¡F¦]¦Ó¤£¥i¯à¦³±`¦í¤£ÅÜ ªº¦Û©Ê¡A³o¬O¦Û©Êªº§_©w¡A©ÎªÅ¡Cª«¨Æ¬O½t°_ªº©Ê®æ¡A¦]¦Ó¬OªÅ ¡C½t°_»PªÅ¹ê¬O¹ï¦P¤@±¡¨Æªº¤£¦P»¡ªk¡A¤GªÌªº·N«ä¬O¤¬²[ªº¡C (µù 43) ¤@¯ë¦Ó¨¥¬O¤Q¤»­µ¸`¡A¡m¤¤½×¡n¥çµM¡C 171 ­¶ A Study of the Four Alternatives in Indian Madhyamika NG Yu-kwan Associate Professor, Hong Kong Baptist College Summary The article is a study of the meaning and function of the four alternatives of the Indian Madhyamika, which includes affirmative and negative forms. The author holds that the affirmative form of the four alternatives is dialectical in character and that it is closely related to the realization of the Truth. Its function is two-folded: educational and classifying. It is educational in that the first and second alternatives teach sentient beings of inferior talent the positive and negative aspects of the Truth respectively, that the third alternative teaches sentient beings of middle talent the synthetical aspect of the Truth, and that the fourth alternative teaches sentient beings of superior talent the transcendent aspect of the Truth. It has classifying function because it is a device which classifies the understanding of the same thing into four different stages, namely, the affirmative stage, the negative stage, the synthetical stage and the transcendent stage. The author also maintains that both the educational and classifying function of the four alternatives are arranged in a progressive manner as well as in an ascending order. Thereby the affirmative form of the four alternatives is a kind of gradual teaching. With regard to the negative form of the four alternatives, the author points out that any one of the four alternatives, whether it be the affirmative, the negative, the synthetical or the transcendent, is apt to result in an onesided and thus extreme view. The negative form of the four alternatives is aimed at overcoming these extreme views and revealing the Truth of Emptiness and the Middle Way. This overcoming can also be taken as the overcoming of the limitation of concepts used in the four alternatives. That is, all concepts are in a relative nature and thereby obstruct the revelation of the absolute Truth of Emptiness and the Middle Way. The negative form of the four alternatives overcomes this relativity only through which the absolute Truth can be attained. The author also adds that in 172 ­¶ view of the simultaneous negation of the four alternatives, the negative form of the four alternatives is, contrastive to the affirmative form, a kind of sudden teaching.