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faced when discussing this problem. In particular, T'ient-t'ai thinker Chih-i, as a part of his innovative hermeneutic, developed the notion of "three truths," namely, emptiness, provisionality, and the middle. Chih-i held that, through contemplation, the three truths can be understood as one truth. In this way, he integrated the theory of truth the realization of practice. This hermeneutic led to four distinguishing characteristics of T'ien-t'ai thought: (1) The two truths are inter-penetrating and non-dual. (2) Phenomena are themselves noumena, a notion that affirms the value of the real world. (3) The contemplation of mind, as in the "Perfect and sudden calming and contemplation," is directed towards "contemplating everything as empty," rather than holding that "everything is empty," (4) The worship and practice of the "one-vehicle Buddha" of the Lotus Suutra is the foundation of practice for all beings. These characteristics disclose the Mahaayaana spirit of Chinese "this-worldly" Buddhism. In the Sung and Mind Dynasties, T'ien-t'ai thought became embroiled in the controversy between the Shan-chia and Shan-wai subsects over the question of the "true mind"versus the" ignorant mind," and did not develop significantly. The mond Dogen, on the other hand, introduced interesting new elaborations to these issues in Japan. ­¶395 (The present paper was presented at the "Academic Conference on the History and Teachings of the T'ien-t'ai School" on December 16, 1995.) Key words: 1. two truths 2.three truths 3. conventional truth 4.ultimate truth 5. phenomena as truth in itself