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1¥»¬ã¨s¥D­n°Ñ¦Ò¸ê®Æ¦³¡GDehejia, Vidya.(1997),Discourse in Early Buddhist Art Visual Narratives of India. Munshitam Manaharlal Publishers. Knox, Robert.(1992),Amaravati¡GBhddhist Sculpture from the Great Stupa.The British Museum by British Museum Press. Barrett, Douglas.(1954),Sculptures From Amaravati in The British Museum. London¡GThe British Museum. Elizabeth, Rosen.(1994),The Buddhist Art of Nagarjunakonda.Delhi¡GMotilal Banarsidass Publishers.

2 Erwin, Panofsky. Iconography and Iconology: An Introduction to the Study of Renaissance Art.in Erwin Panofsky,Meaning in the Visual Arts.Chicago:The University of the Chicago Press.(1982). pp.26-30.

3 ¨Ò¦pFoucher,A.¹ï¦L«×©M¤¤¨Èªº¦Ò¥j¡A´£¥X³\¦hÄ_¶Qªºµ²½×¡CRosenfield, John.°w¹ï¶QÁ÷(Kushans)¤ý´ÂªºÃÀ³N§@±Mºëªº±´¨s¡A±o¥X¶QÁ÷¤ý´ÂÃÀ³Nªº¯S©Ê¡CCoomaraswamy, Ananda K.§@¤F¤@³s¦ê¦L«×¦­´Á¹Ï¹³¾Çªº¬ã¨s¡CVogel,J.Ph.¤ñ¸û¦b¯BÀJ¤Wªº¬G¨Æ¡Aµo²{¨èµe¦b¯BÀJ¤Wªº¥»¥Í¬G¨Æ¡A±`±`¤Þ¥Î¸g¨åªº°O¸ü¡C¬ã¨s¦L«×¦ò±ÐÃÀ³N¬ÛÃö¥ÀÃDªº¾ÇªÌ¦p¹L¦¿¤§ÃV¡A¤£³Ó¤ZÁ|¡C


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5®Ú¾Ú¾ÇªÌ¬ã¨sNagarjunakonda ªº¾ú¥v¡A±q¦s¥@ªº¸O»Ê°O¸ü¡AÅã¥Ü¥Ì½©¤ý´Â¡]Iksvaku Dynasty¡^¦³¥|­Ó°ê¤ý²ÎªvNagarjunakonda ¹F75¦~¡C¥Ñ©ó¯Ê¥F²{¦sªºÃÒ¾Ú¡A¥Ì½©¤ý´Âªº¦U­Ó§g¥D²ÎªvNagarjunakonda¯u¥¿ªº¦~¥N¦b¦U¾ÇªÌ¤§¶¡¤´¦³ª§Ä³¡A¦ý¸û¤@­Pªº¹F·t¥Ü¤½¤¸¤T¡B¦ü¬O¾¬´Á¦¸¦b¥ÛÀJÃÀ³N­·®æ¤W¡A¤@¯ë¾ÇªÌ»{¬°Nagarjunakonda ¬O¥NªíAmaravati¬ü¾Ç°I°hªº®É´Á¡C¦]¦¹¥»¬ã¨s±NNagarjunakonda¯Ç¤J¤T¡B¥|¥@¬öªº¦ò±Ð«Ø¿v¬ö©Àª«¨Ó°Q½×¡C¬ÛÃö¸ê®Æ¸Ô¨£Elizabeth, Rosen. The Buddhist Art of Nagarjunakonda. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers (1994) . pp. 3-9.

6 ¹ïAmaravati¥j¦ÑªºstupaªºÁA¸Ñ¡A¦Ò¥j´£¨Ñ§ó¦hªºÃÒ¾Ú¡CJames Burgess©ó1880¦~¦Ò¥j¤u§@¤¤µo²{ªá©£©¥¥ÛªºÄæÝã¡AJames Burgess¬Û«H³o¬O¥j¦ÑÄæÝ㪺¤@³¡¥÷¡A¦Ó¥B¥H¥j¦Ñ¡]archais¡^§Î¦¡ªºÀJ¨è³s±µµÛ¡CKnox, Robert. Amaravati¡GBhddhist Sculpture from the Great Stupa. The British Museum by British Museum Press.¡]1992¡^.pp.11-12.

7±q¤T­Ó³¡¥÷¨Ó¦^ÅU¾ú¥vªºÃÒ¾Ú¡A¥HÅã¥ÜAmaravati¤j¦ò¶ðªº¦~¥N¡C³o­Ó°Ï°ìªº¾ú¥v¶}©l©óªü¨|¤ý¤ý´Â¡CKharavleaj¤ý´Â¦b1©Î2BC¤J«I¡A¦¹®É¬OSatavahanaªº°ê¤ý¡A¦W¥sSatakarni¡C³o­Ó°ê¤ý¯}Ãa¦ì¦bKrishna Districtªu©¤ªº«°¥«¥sPithuda¡A¦Ó±q¿ò°©½cªº¸O»Ê±oª¾¡AKrishna District¦~¥N¬ù¬O100BC¡C¨ä¥L¦pAira¦a¤è¤ý´Â¦b2AD³QSatavahanas¨ú¥N¡C¦b1954ªº¥Ø¿ý»{¬°Amaravati¿ò§}ªº¦ò±Ð¬¡°Ê¦Ü¤Ö¥i±À·¹¦Ü3BC¡A«Ø¿vª«ªºµ²ºc­«³y¦Ü­««Ø¬°3BC-3AD¡A¦¹®É­è¦n¬OSatavahanasµ²§ô²Îªv¡C¬ÛÃö¸ê®Æ¸Ô¨£µù¤Q¡A²Ä¤Q¤T¦Ü¤Q¥|­¶¡C¥H¤ÎBarrett, Douglas.Sculptures From Amaravati in The British Museum. London: The British Museum.(1954).pp.12-20.

8­ì¨ÓÀJ¨è¦w©ñ¦b¹ªª¬¦ì¸mªºªø¤è§Î«p¥Ûª©¡A´£¨Ñ­ì¨Ó¥~Æ[³Ì¦nªºÃÒ¾Ú¡A±q¦s¥@«p¥Ûª©¤WÀJ¨èªº§¹¾ãªºstupaªº¼Ë¦¡¡A¬O­««Østupa­«­n°Ñ¦Ò¹Ï®×¡C¬ÛÃö¸ê®Æ¸Ô¨£Barrett, Douglas. Sculptures From Amaravati in The British Museum. London¡GThe British Museum.¡]1954¡^.p.29.

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10 Barrett, Douglas.(1954),¡¨Sculptures From Amaravati in The British Museum.¡¨ London Published By The Trustees of The British Museum.p.57

11 Nagarjunakondaªº¦ò±Ð«Ø¿v¦³Â×´Iªº¦s¥@§@«~©M¸O»Ê¡A¬ö©À«Ø¿vª«¹Mº¡¾ã­Ó¤s¨¦¡A¦Ó¥B¤j³¡¥÷¶°¤¤¦b¤¤¥¡°Ï°ì¡C¨ä«Ø¿v¥D­n¦³¤ä´£¸]¡B¹¬©Ð¡A¦³ªºÁÙ¦³¦ò¶ð¡C¦U¤è¾ÇªÌªº¬ã¨sµo²{¡ANagarjunakondaªº¦ò±Ð«Ø¿v¥]§t¼sªxªº¤å¤Æ¬[ºc¡C¬ÛÃö¸ê®Æ¸Ô¨£.Elizabeth, Rosen.TheBuddhist Art of Nagarjunakonda. Delhi:Motilal Banarsidass Publishers.(1994).pp.12-20.

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14 Elizabeth, Rosen.(1994),¡¨The Buddhist Art of Nagarjunakonda.¡¨ Delhi. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private ited.p.21 Lim

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16ÃÀ³N§Î¦¡¬Oºc¦¨ÃÀ³N¬ü·Pªº°ò¥»±ø¥ó¤§¤@¡A¥¦¥²¶·±NÃÀ³N§@«~©Ò±ýªí²{ªºÄÝ©Ê¡A¥]§t¥~¦b¬ü·P¡B¤º¦b¥Í©R©Mºë¯«»P·N²[¡A¨Ï±oªY½àªÌ©M§@«~¤º®e¤§¶¡²£¥Í¤ßÆF¥æ·|¡C§Î¦¡»P¤º®e¬Û¤¬¿Ä¶×¿EµoÃÀ³N³Ì°ª¼f¬ü¹Ò¬É¡C¬ÛÃö¸ê®Æ¨£³¯«³·_¡]¥Á86¡^¡A±q¥_´Â³y¹³ÃÀ³N¬Ý¦ò±Ðªºªí²{ÃD§÷¡A°ê¥ß¾ú¥v³Õª«À]¡A¥x¥_¡A²Ä41-44­¶¡C­â·C­¦µ¥½sµÛ¡]¥Á85¡^¡A<<ÃÀ³N·§½×>>¡Aªìª©¥|¨ê¡A°ê¥ßªÅ¤¤¤j¾Ç¡A¥x¥_¡A²Ä343-373­¶¡C

17 ©v±ÐÃÀ³N§@«~¥]§tµÛ±Ð¸q¦b¤º¡AÃÀ³N®aÂǵ۰ª¶W§Þ¥©±N±Ð¸q¥H¨ãÅé§Î¶Hªí¹F¡A¤]¥i¯à¥H¶H¼xª«¨Óªí¹F¡A¦]¦¹·í­ÓÅé¥H¥L¹L¥hªº¸gÅç¨Ó»{Ãѩδy­z§@«~®É¡A¸g¥Ñ²Ö¿nªºª¾Ãѹï§@«~µo¥Xµû½×©ÎªY½à¡C¬ÛÃö¸ê®Æ¸Ô¨£¼B¤d¬ü¡]¥Á87¡^,<<ÃÀ³N»P¬ü·P¸gÅ窺¶W¶V¦V«×>>¡A¥x¥_»²¤¯¤j¾Ç­õ¾Ç½×¶°²Ä¤T¤Q¤@´Á¡A²Ä174­¶¡C

18 ¦L«×²ÎªvªÌ¥H¤@¨Ç¤è¦¡®½Ãثؿv¬ö©Àª«¡A¨ê·s©Î­««Ø¦ò¶ð¡B¹¬«Q«Ø¿vª«¡A¬O¤@ºØ¥i±æ¥\¼wªº¨Ó·½¡C¤@¯ë¥Á²³¦³«H¥õ¬°¨D¥\¼w¡A´N·|¥h¯»¨ê¦ò¶ð©Î«Ø¿v¬ö©Àª«¡C¬ÛÃö¸ê®Æ¸Ô¨£Stewart Mary.Review of Amaravati: Buddhist Sculpture from the great Stupa, by Robert Knox, p. 145-146.


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±q¦Ò¥j¤åÄm¸ê®Æ±oª¾¡A Amaravati©MNagarjunakonda¦s¥@¯BÀJ§@«~¨èµeªìÂàªk½ü»¡ªkªº³õ´º¦³³\¦h¬O±Ô­z«e«áÃö«Yªº¬G¨Æ±¡¸`¡A©Î³\¬OAmaravati©MNagarjunakondaªº¦s¥@§@«~¥D­n¨Ó¦Û¦ò¶ð©Î¹¬°|«Ø¿vª«¡A¬°¤FÅý´Â¸tªÌ¶¦æ§«ô¦ò±Ð«Ø¿v¬ö©Àª«®ÉÆ[·Q¦òªû¨ÆÂÝ¡A§@¬°¸Ë¹¢³o¨Ç¦ò±Ð¬ö©À«Ø¿vª«ªº¥Ûª©¡AÀJ¨èµÛ¤@³s¦ê¦òªû¬G¨Æ¥i¨Ï¬G¨Æ¦³³sÄò©Ê; ÀHµÛ¬G¨Æªº¶}®i¡A¤@Ã䧫ô¶¦æ¡A¤@ÃäÀHµÛ²´«e¥X²{ªº¹Ï®×Åé·|¦òªû¶W¤Zªº¤H®æ¡C¦bAmaravati¯BÀJµe­±¡AÃÀ³N®a¦b¤p¥­­±¦³¦n´X­Ó³zµø¡Aºc¹Ï¤º¦³¤£¦Pªº¦V«×¡A±N¯BÀJµe­±ÀJ¨è¦¨¦h­«¥­­±ªººc¹Ï¡A¦¨¬°Amaravatiªº¯BÀJÃÀ³N¯S¦â¡CNagarjunakondaªºÃÀ³N­·®æ¤j³¡¥÷©ÓŧAmaravati¡AµM¦Ó¦b«Ø³y¦ò¶ð®É¡A¬°¤F´£«e§¹¦¨¦Ó»°¤uªº±¡ªp¤§¤U19¡A§@«~¥H²LÀJ¤è¦¡§¹¦¨¡A¥X²{ªº§@«~¤£¦pAmaravatiºë¥©¡A´yø¦ò¶Ç¬G¨Æ´¡¦±ªº¦s¥@§@«~¸ûAmaravati¦h¡C

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®Ú¾Ú¦Ò¥j¤åÄm±oª¾¡A¤½¤¸¤­¥@¬ö¤§«eAmaravati©MNagarjunakonda¦s¥@ªºªìÂàªk½ü§@«~¬ù¦³¤Q¤C¥ó¡A¤j³¡¥÷¥Hªk½üªí¥Ü¦òªû¡A¥ç§Y¥H¶H¼xª«ªí¥Ü¦òªû¡A¤Ö³¡¥÷±N¦òªû¥H¤H¶¡¨­¬Û¤è¦¡ªí²{¡C¦]¦¹¥»¸`±N¤À¬°¶H¼xª«»P¤H¶¡¨­¬Û¤G³¡¥÷¨Ó±Ô­z¡AÅý¦L«×¤­¥@¬ö¤§«eªºªìÂàªk½ü¯BÀJ¡A©Ò­nÅã²{ªº¹Ï¹³¾Ç·N²[§ó¦³²M´·ªº·§©À¡C²{¤À­z¦p¤U¡G

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¬°¤è«K»¡©ú¦L«×¦­´Á¯BÀJ§@«~¥H¶H¼xª«ªí¹F¦òªû¡A¦¹³B±N¨Ì¦Ò¥j¸ê®Æ¤W¦~¥N¥ý«á¦¸§ÇªºÃÒ¾Ú¬°¥D¡C®Ú¾Ú¦¬¶°¨ìªº¸ê®Æ¡A¦s¥@§@«~Amaravati¤E¥ó¡BNagarjunakonda¤G¥ó¡A¸Ô­z¦p¤U:


19Delhi. Motilal Banars19¦bNagarjunakonda½u±ø²Õ¦X¦¡¼Ë¤´³Q«O¯d¡A¦ý¬O¨S¦³²`¨èªºµe­±¡A©Ò¥HÆ[½àªÌ¥u¦b¥­­±²¾°Ê¡A¬Ý¤£¥X¹Ï¹³«Ü¥Y¥X¡ANagarjunakondaªºÃÀ³N®a«Ü¤ÖÀJ¨èªº²`«×¶W¹L¥|¤À¤§¤@¦T¡A©Ò¥H¥i¥H§ó§Ö³tªº»s§@ÃÀ³N«~¡C¬ÛÃö¸ê®Æ¸Ô¨£Stone,Elizabeth Rosen.(1994),The Buddhist Art of Nagarjunakonda. idass Publishers Private Limited. p.23.

20 ¬ü°ê¾ÇªÌSusan L. Huntington¦b1990¦~´£¥Xªº½×¤å¤¤¡A»{¬°¦L«×ªì´Á¦ò±ÐÃÀ³N¤¤¦òªû¤£¥H¤H¶¡§Î¶H¥X²{¡A ¬O¦]¬°§@«~¥u¬O³æ¯Â´yø·í¥N«H®{§«ô´Â¸tªº±¡§Î¡A¦Ó¥H¶H¼xª«¥N´À¦òªûªº¤âªk¤]¬O·¥¤Ö¼Æ¡A±N³oºØ¤âªkµø¬°·í¥N¦@¦P­ì«h¡A¤D»F¦]©ó¾ÇªÌ¹ï¸O»Ê¤åÄm¸ê®Æªº¦±¸Ñ¡C¦oÁ`Åé¤W»{¬°«D¤H¶¡¹Ï¹³¡]Aniconism¡^¾Ç»¡¡A¹L´ç±j½Õ©Ò»{¦Pªº¡u¦]¯À¡v¡A¦Ó¥¼¥¿µø²´¨£ªº¡u¨Æ¹ê¡v¡C¦o¦Û¤v¥D±i³o¨Ç¦­´Á§@«~¬O³æ¯Âªí¹F³Q»s§@ªº·í¥Nµo¥Íªº¨Æ¹ê¡A¥u¬O´y­z·í¥N´Â¸tªº²{¹ê±¡´º¡A¤£À³¤d½g¤@«ß¦Û°Ê¸ÑŪ¬°¦ò¶Ç¨Æ¥ó¡C¦Óªk½ü¡BµÐ´£¾ð¡BÄ_®y¡B¨¬¸ñ¡B¦ò¶ïµ¥¸tª«¥u¬OÀJ¨è·í¥N§«ôªº¤¤¤ß¡A¤£¸Ó³Qµø¬°¥N´À¦òªû¥»´Lªº¶H¼xª«¡C¥»¬ã¨s¤´±Ä¨ú¦h¼Æ¾ÇªÌ¤½»{¡A¦L«×¦­´Á¦ò±ÐÃÀ³N¥H¶H¼xª«ªí²{¦òªûªº»¡ªk¡C¬ÛÃö¸ê®Æ¸Ô¨£Susan L. Huntington. Early Buddhist Art and the Theory of Aniconism. Art Journal. 49/4(1990):401-407.

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22®Ú¾Ú¾ÇªÌ¬ã¨sAmaravatiªº¦òªû¹Ï¹³¥X²{¦~¥N¡A¥i¯à¬O¦b¤½¤¸¤G¥@¬öªº«á¤G­Ó¤Q¦~¡A§Y¤½¤¸180-190¦~¡C¦]¦¹¦b¦¹¤§«eÀ³¬°¥H¶H¼xª«ªí²{¦òªûªº®É´Á¡C¬ÛÃö¸ê®Æ¸Ô¨£Knox , Robert.(1992),Amaravati:Buddhist Sculpture from the Great Stupa. .Published for the Trustees of the British Museum by British Museum Press.p.185.

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¹Ï¤@Amaravati ¦ò¶ð­«ºc½u´y¹Ï±Ä¦Û¡GBarrett, Douglas. Sculptures From Amaravati in The British Museum. London: The Trustees of The British Museum. 1954. p. 28. ¹Ïª©2¡C

¹Ï¤GNagarjunakonda «Ø¿v¬ö©Àª«¿ò§}±Ä¦Û¡GStone, Elizabeth Rose. The Buddhist Art of Nagarjunakonda, Delhi: Motial Banarsidass Publishers, 1994.²Ä20¹Ïª©¡C

¹Ï¤TAmaravati ªìÂàªk½ü±Ä¦Û¡G Knox, Robert. Amaravati Buddhist Sculpture from the Great Stupa, London: British Museum Press, 1992.²Ä97­¶¡A¹Ïª©38¡C

¹Ï¥|Amaravati ªìÂàªk½ü±Ä¦Û¡G Knox, Robert. Amaravati Buddhist Sculpture from the Great Stupa, London: British Museum Press, 1992.²Ä151­¶¡A¹Ïª©77¡C

¹Ï¤­Amaravati ¡]¤U¡^¥¿®©¦¨¹D¡]¤¤¡^ªìÂàªk½ü¡]¤W¡^¯Iºn±Ä¦Û¡G Knox, Robert. Amaravati Buddhist Sculpture from the Great Stupa, London: British Museum Press, 1992.²Ä163­¶¡A¹Ïª©88¡C

¹Ï¤»Amaravati ¡]¤U¡^¥¿®©¦¨¹D¡]¤W¡^ªìÂàªk½ü±Ä¦Û¡G Knox, Robert. Amaravati Buddhist Sculpture from the Great Stupa, London: British Museum Press, 1992.²Ä165­¶¡A¹Ïª©89¡C

¹Ï¤CAmaravati ªìÂàªk½ü±Ä¦Û¡G Knox, Robert. Amaravati Buddhist Sculpture from the Great


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Stupa, London: British Museum Press, 1992.²Ä170­¶¡A¹Ïª©93¡C

¹Ï¤KAmaravati ¡]¶ê§Î¡^ëÆ«°¥X®a¡]¤U¥ª¡^«c¾v¡BÄâÀY¤y¦Ü¤Ñ¡]¤U¤¤¡^¨®°f§i§O¡]¤U¥k¡^ªìÂàªk½ü±Ä¦Û¡G Knox, Robert. Amaravati Buddhist Sculpture from the Great Stupa, London: British Museum Press, 1992.²Ä59­¶¡A¹Ïª©11¡C

¹Ï¤EAmaravati ªìÂàªk½ü±Ä¦Û¡G Knox, Robert. Amaravati Buddhist Sculpture from the Great Stupa, London: British Museum Press, 1992.²Ä156­¶¡A¹Ïª©81¡C

¹Ï¤QAmaravati ªìÂàªk½ü±Ä¦Û¡G Knox, Robert. Amaravati Buddhist Sculpture from the Great Stupa, London: British Museum Press, 1992.²Ä156­¶¡A¹Ïª©82¡C

¹Ï¤Q¤@Nagarjunakonda ªìÂàªk½ü±Ä¦Û¡GStone, Elizabeth Rose. The Buddhist Art of Nagarjunakonda, Delhi: Motial Banarsidass Publishers, 1994.²Ä124¹Ïª©¡C

¹Ï¤Q¤GNagarjunakonda ªìÂàªk½ü±Ä¦Û¡GStone, Elizabeth Rose. The Buddhist Art of Nagarjunakonda, Delhi: Motial Banarsidass Publishers, 1994.²Ä33¹Ïª©¡C

¹Ï¤Q¤TNagarjunakonda ¡]¥ª¡^¥¿®©¦¨¹D¡]¤¤¡^±ë¤ÑÄU§U»¡ªk¡]¥k¡^ªìÂàªk½ü±Ä¦Û¡GStone, Elizabeth Rose. The Buddhist Art of Nagarjunakonda, Delhi: Motial Banarsidass Publishers, 1994.²Ä175¹Ïª©¡C

¹Ï¤Q¥|Nagarjunakonda ªìÂàªk½ü±Ä¦Û¡GStone, Elizabeth Rose. The Buddhist Art of Nagarjunakonda, Delhi: Motial Banarsidass Publishers, 1994.²Ä123¹Ïª©¡C

¹Ï¤Q¤­Amaravati ªìÂàªk½ü±Ä¦Û¡G Knox, Robert. Amaravati Buddhist Sculpture from the Great Stupa, London: British Museum Press, 1992.²Ä157­¶¡A¹Ïª©83¡C

¹Ï¤Q¤»Amaravati ªìÂàªk½ü±Ä¦Û¡G Knox, Robert. Amaravati Buddhist Sculpture from the Great Stupa, London: British Museum Press, 1992.²Ä159­¶¡A¹Ïª©84¡C

¹Ï¤Q¤CNagarjunakonda ¡]¤U¥ª¡^¦òªû¥H·P®¦ªº¤ßª`µøµÛµÐ´£¾ð¡]¤U¥k¡^Às¤ýÅ@¦ò¡]¤¤¥ª¡^¥|¤Ñ¤ý±·²Ú¡]¤¤¥k¡^¦òªû±µ¨ü°Ó¤H­¹ª«¡]¤W¡^ªìÂàªk½ü

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¤G­^¤å³¡¥÷

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