Lesson 19


Declension of "r-stems":

 

The declension of "r-stems" is of two types: 1) agent nouns, 2) nouns of relationship. They differ only in Acc.Sg., Nom.Du., Acc.Du. and Nom.Pl. where agent nouns (and words svasr-, sister and naptr-, grandson) have -a but the nouns of relationship (with the above two exceptions) have -a.

kartr- (m., agent, maker):

Sg. Du. Pl.
Nom. karta kartarau kartarah
Acc. kartaram kartarau kartfn
Ins. kartra kartrbhyam kartrbhih
Dat. kartre kartrbhyam kartrbhyah
Abl. kartuh kartrbhyam kartrbhyah
Gen. kartuh kartroh kartfnam
Loc. kartari kartroh kartrsu
Voc. kartar kartarau kartarah

 

pitr- (m., father):

Sg. Du. Pl.
Nom. pita pitarau pitarah
Acc. pitaram pitarau pitfn
Ins. pitra pitrbhyam pitrbhih
Dat. pitre pitrbhyam pitrbhyah
Abl. pituh pitrbhyam pitrbhyah
Gen. pituh pitroh pitfnam
Loc. pitari pitroh pitrsu
Voc. pitar pitarau pitarah

 

matr- (f., mother):

Sg. Du. Pl.
Nom. mata matarau matarah
Acc. mataram matarau matfh
Ins. matra matrbhyam matrbhih
Dat. matre matrbhyam matrbhyah
Abl. matuh matrbhyam matrbhyah
Gen. matuh matroh matfnam
Loc. matari matroh matrsu
Voc. matar matarau matarah

 

Note that feminine stems differ from masculine ones in Acc.Pl.


Text (read and translate):

 

1. svasurgrhe kanye nyavasatam |

2. muktaya iwvarah srsteh karta manusyairbhaktya sevyatam |

3. nrpatayah prajanaj raksitaro durjananaj ca wastaro vartanta-m |

4. wastrasya kartre paninaye namah |

5. jivanasya dataraj wivaj namamah |

6. bhartaraj bhartuwca pitaraj mataraj ca patni devaniva pujayatu |

7. pitrbhyo mase mase wraddhaj yacchanti |

8. duhiturbharta jamatocyate |

9. bhratfnadyahvayateti pitadiwat |

10. daridranaj duhkhitanaj ca raksanena punyaj bhavati |

11. pitrorgrhe sukhena vasamah |

12. pitaraj tateti putro vadati |

13. bhratarah svasarawca vivadaj macarantu |

14. pita mata ca pitaraviti |


The exercise key


Translate to Sanskrit:

 

1. Let the boy meet the sister by the river.

2. The world was created by a creator.

3. Let servants always serve [their] masters.

4. Grandfather delighted in looking at his many grandsons' faces.

5. Indra is the leader of the gods in the war.

6. Let the son-in-law think about the father-in-law as [his] own father.

7. Givers of gifts and protectors of the unhappy are always praised.

8. Brothers' houses were burned down.


The exercise key


Vocabulary:

 

man-, manyate (IV): to think, to suppose

mud-, modate (I): to delight in (Ins.)

jamatr-, m.: son-in-law

jivana-, n.: life

datr-, m.: giver

duhitr-, f.: daughter

naptr-, m.: grandson

netr- ,m.: leader

panini-, m.: the grammarian Panini

pitr-, otec; Du. parents, Pl. ancestors

pitamaha-, m.: grandfather

bhartr-, m.: husband

vivada-, m.: disputation, argument

bhratr-, m.: brother

masa-, m.: month

raksana-, n.: protection

raksitr-, m.: protector

wastr-, m.: ruler, "punisher"

wraddha-, m.: ceremony for the sake of dead relatives, oblation for them

wvawura-, m.: father-in-law

sevaka-, m.: servant

srastr-, m.: creator

svasr-, f.: sister

daridra-, adj.: poor

duhkhita- ,adj.: unhappy, distressed

nija-, adj.: one's, own