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七~八世紀的南宗禪 -- 印度禪風「轉化」為中國禪風的關鍵期=7th - 8th Century Southern School Ch'an: The Crucial Period of Transformation from Indian to Chinese Ch'an
Author 釋妙智 (撰)
Date2008
Pages132
Publisher佛光大學宗教學系
Publisher Url http://www.fgu.edu.tw/~religion/fo/
Location宜蘭縣, 臺灣 [I-lan hsien, Taiwan]
Content type博碩士論文=Thesis and Dissertation
Language中文=Chinese
Degreemaster
Institution佛光大學
Department宗教學系
Advisor劉國威
Publication year96
Keyword轉化; 七~八世紀; 南宗禪; 初期禪宗典籍; 禪風發展; 初唐社會與文化; transformation; 7th to 8th Century; Southern Ch’an School; Early Ch’an School texts; Development of the Ch’an style; society and culture in Early Tang dynasty
Abstract思想史的發展,往往「過程」比「結果」來的有價值。研究中國禪風「轉化」的過程相當繁雜,挑戰性也高,但所獲得的價值遠超乎本研究想像。本研究選取歷史上文化包容性相當高的七~八世紀初唐為研究時期,並以佛教中最具中國特色之一的南宗禪為研究對象。藉由禪典籍及思想的研究,掌握七~八世紀南宗禪發展脈絡,發掘更多的善巧與方便。了解佛教在中國的發展過程中,如何將佛教落實於「日常生活」及「文化」中,而中國的社會又如何影響佛教的風貌。七~八世紀南宗禪實為印度禪風轉化為中國禪風的關鍵時期。研究發現,在禪典籍的表現,其轉化過程由私著到尋求官方認同,體例也逐漸成熟完備;論及禪風轉變,從早期風格屬於消極出世到後來的積極入世,發展多元化型態的禪風,並強調佛性平等的觀念。顯示出禪宗在中國的傳播,隨著時間的發展,融入了本地的民情,呈現獨特的風貌。「轉化」的過程相當漫長艱辛,非一人與一時可完成。需要眾多的因素而合和,首要其衝的是社會、政z、經濟、文化等因素。過程中禪者轉化衝擊,逐漸走入社會,普及利益於大眾。顯示七~八世紀南宗禪的發展,順應時代的需求,結合社會需求。

In the development of the history of thoughts, the process is usually deemed more valuable than the result. A study on Chinese Ch’an School’s process of ‘transformation’ is a rather complex and challenging one. Consequently, the reward attained is far beyond than imagined in this research.
This research paper is centered around 7th to 8th Century Tang dynasty, an era of high tolerance for culture; and on Southern Ch’an School, one of the most unique schools in China, as the focus of study. Through the study of Ch’an texts and thoughts, the development of Southern Ch’an School during 7th to 8th century is grasped, and several skillful or expedient means uncovered. Furthermore, the paper aims to understand how Buddhism blended into the daily life and culture throughout its development in China; and also how the Chinese society influenced Buddhism.
7th and 8th Century Southern Ch’an School was a crucial period for the transformation of Ch’an from the Indian Style into Chinese Ch’an. A discovery from this research includes a pursuit for private works to acquire recognition by the Court, and the maturing and perfecting of their writing formats. In terms of the transformation of style, there were changes from the early passive and other-worldly approach to the later active and this worldly approach, thereby developing into a diversified style of Ch’an practices, and also one that emphasizes the equal Buddha-nature possessed by all. This shows that the spread of Ch’an in China blended with the local custom as time went by, and had a rather unique style.
The process of ‘transformation’ can be quite long, difficult and arduous; and it is not something that can be achieved by a single individual or era. Various factors need to be present, political, economical and cultural factors in particular. Through out this process, the Ch’an practitioners were confronted with the transformation of conflict, and gradually reached out to society and served the public. Thus, this shows that the Southern Ch’an School’s development during the 7th and 8th Century was one that adapted to social needs and became humanized.
Table of contents第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究背景 2
一、研究動機 2
二、研究目的 3
三、研究方法及章節介紹 3
四、研究困難及預期成果 8
第二節 前人研究的成果 9
一、歐美地區 10
二、日本地區 12
三、中國大陸及台灣地區 13
第三節 「轉化」意涵的應用 14
一、「初唐歷史」的漢化現象 14
二、「現代」的漢化表徵 16
三、從印度禪到中國禪 17
第二章 詮釋禪典籍對初期禪師傳承記載方式的轉化 19
第一節 禪典文獻「轉化」變遷的析論 20
一、敦煌禪典籍與唐宋間禪燈典籍的重新審視 21
二、古印度與唐代史學觀 25
三、分析典籍記載方式「轉化」的歷程 27
第二節 早期的敦煌史料 31
一、《楞伽師資記》 31
二、《傳法寶記》 37
第三節 晚唐至宋間的燈錄史料 39
一、《寶林傳》 40
二、《祖堂集》 41
三、《宗鏡錄》 44
四、《景德傳燈錄》 46
第三章 早期禪風與初唐南宗的禪風特色 49
第一節 初唐以前的禪風特色 50
一、印度禪風的淵源 50
二、中國禪風的奠基與形成 52
第二節 惠能、神會及道一禪師的生平考證 58
一、六祖惠能禪師 58
二、荷澤神會禪師 64
三、馬祖道一禪師 68
第三節 惠能、神會及道一禪師的禪風分析 72
一、惠能禪師的思想與教化方式 72
二、神會禪師的思想與教化方式 75
三、道一禪師的思想與教化方式 78
四、三者禪風的關聯 82
第四章 剖析七~八世紀南宗禪風轉化形成過程 86
第一節 由出世到入世-「出世入世」的衝突 87
一、傾向出世的印度社會 88
二、傾向入世的初唐社會 93
三、出世到入世的交錯與衝擊 95
第二節 多元化禪風型態的形成-「教育方式」的影響 100
一、印度「口口相傳」的教化方式 101
二、中國「因材施教」的教育方式 102
三、多元禪風的流變 103
第三節 強調佛性平等的觀念-「階層意識」的差異 105
一、印度與生俱來的種姓制度 106
二、初唐階級森嚴的士族制度 107
三、不同「階級」觀念的差異影響 109
第五章 結論 112
第一節 七~八世紀佛教其他宗派概況 112
第二節 他國佛教與文化交融狀況 115
一、泰國地區 115
二、西藏地區 116
三、文化差異分析 118
第三節 研究心得與建議 118
參考書目
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Created date2008.12.05
Modified date2023.04.11



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