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《佛所行讚》的環形結構=The Chiasmic Structure of the Buddhacarita |
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張英杰 (著)=Chong, Eng-keat (au.)
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| Date | 2016 |
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| Pages | 153 |
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| Publisher | 佛光大學 |
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| Publisher Url |
https://website.fgu.edu.tw/?locale=zh_tw
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| Location | 宜蘭縣, 臺灣 [I-lan hsien, Taiwan] |
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| Content type | 博碩士論文=Thesis and Dissertation |
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| Language | 英文=English |
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| Degree | master |
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| Institution | 佛光大學 |
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| Department | 佛教學系 |
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| Advisor | 釋慧峰=Shi, Hui-feng |
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| Publication year | 104 |
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| Keyword | 佛所行贊=Buddhacarita; 文學結構=literary structure; 環形結構=chiasmus |
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| Abstract | 《佛所行贊》（英文名稱為Buddhacarita）在公元二世紀左右由馬鳴菩薩用梵文編寫而成，全篇一共二十八章，是其中一部極為早期記錄著佛陀誕生至涅槃完整的故事。因此，此文本最適合讓我們用來探討故事是否存在著環形結構。
以一個文學結構而論，環形結構在古典文學著作中經常出現，其中希伯來語的《聖經》，希臘語的史詩《奧德賽》等都發現了此結構。有別於其它文學結構的是，環形結構需要符合以下條件：文中內容需要有反向平行的關係，並且環繞著中心高潮點變化。此中心高潮點也是一個詮釋工具，用來更深入地理解其它有向並聯關係的內容。在《佛所行贊》裡，中心高潮點是第十四章〈覺悟〉裡敘述悉達多覺悟過程的前九十二句。
為了找尋此中心高潮點，本文詳細地分析了《佛所行贊》，得出一些跡像說明佛陀的覺悟可能是此故事的轉換點。接著，本文又分析了與覺悟相近的內容，發現它們之間有緊密的對應關係，而其中的九十二句被這些環環相扣的部分包圍著，孤立成其它內容的中心點。如此分析，得知此九十二句是我們所要找尋的中心高潮點。
接下來就是要探討存有平行關係的內容是如何圍繞中心高潮點而轉化，過程中得出相當有趣的結果。本文發現，《佛所行贊》的序幕、結論、中心高潮點周遭內容有三個共通的結構標誌，分別是奇蹟、魔的出現、佛陀的教誨改造了非佛教的修行者們。我們也可以透過覺悟的認知，更有意義地詮釋這些平行的內容。
如果把目光轉向《佛所行贊》的中間部分，我們也會發現當中的內容，如頻婆娑羅王、五比丘、對佛陀的食物供養、對佛陀成就精神目標的認可等，都環繞著覺悟而有所轉化。
The Buddhacarita was completed in Sanskrit by Aśvaghoṣa probably in the 2nd century C.E. It consists of 28 cantos, and was one of the earliest complete narratives that featured the story of the Buddha in its entirety, from his birth to his nirvāṇa. As such, it is ideal for our study of whether the text is chiasmic.
As a literary structure, chiasmi are widely found in ancient literature, from the Hebrew bible to Greek epics like the Odyssey. It is distinct from other literary structures in that parts of the narrative are found to be ordered in a reversely paralleled fashion, and are transformed around a central climax. The central climax serves as a hermeneutical device to better understand the relationship between other paralleled parts of the narrative. In the Buddhacarita, this central climax was identified as the first 92 verses of the 14th canto titled “Enlightenment”, and describes the process by which Sarvārthasiddha becomes enlightened.
In identifying this central climax, the prologue and conclusion of the Buddhacarita was thoroughly analyzed, and yielded hints that enlightenment was potentially the point of transformation. Subsequently, analyses of the parts closer to the enlightenment were found to be structured in tight correspondence to one another, leaving the 92 verses as an independent unit at the center of all the surrounding parallels. Thus, these verses were identified as the central climax.
The next step to take is to then explore how the paralleled units are transformed around the central climax. This process yielded interesting results, and found that there were three structural markers that were found at the three locations of the prologue, conclusion, and close to the central climax of the Buddhacarita. These three were the occurrence of miraculous events, the appearance of Māra, and, the teaching of the Buddha being transformational for non-Buddhist spiritual adepts. These parallels were also found to be meaningful interpreted when placed against the backdrop of enlightenment.
Closer to the center, parts of the narrative concerning the king Śreṇya, the five ascetics, food offerings made to the Buddha, and, the recognition of the Buddha’s accomplishment of his spiritual goal, were all found to be transformed around the point of enlightenment. |
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| Table of contents | ABSTRACT i
CHINESE ABSTRACT 摘要 iii
DEDICATION iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS v
CONTENTS viii
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1
1.1. Problem Statement 1
1.2. The Buddhacarita 4
1.2.1. The History and Characteristics of the Buddhacarita 5
1.2.2. Studies of the Buddhacarita to Date 7
1.3. The Theory of Chiasmus 9
1.4. Limitations of This Study 18
1.5. Overview 19
CHAPTER 2: A BROAD LOOK AT CHIASMUS IN THE BUDDHACARITA 21
2.1. Chapters in the Buddhacarita 21
2.2. Correspondences Found at the Macro Level–Triangles in the Text 28
2.2.1. A Preliminary Look at which Cantos Correspond to Each Other 29
2.2.2. Chiasmic Triangles in the Text 33
2.3. Prologue to the Buddhacarita 34
2.3.1. Order of Events in the Prologue 36
2.3.2. Literary Structure of the Prologue 38
2.4. Conclusion to the Buddhacarita 48
2.4.1. Order of Events in the Conclusion 49
2.4.2. Chiasmus in the Conclusion 54
CHAPTER 3: WORKING TOWARDS THE CENTRAL CLIMAX OF THE BUDDHACARITA 73
3.1. King Śreṇya 76
3.2. The Five Mendicants 79
3.3. Food Offerings 83
3.4. Naga-s: Of Serpents and Mendicants 84
3.5. The Central Climax Identified: Sarvārthasiddha’s Enlightenment 86
CHAPTER 4: INTEPRETING THE BUDDHACARITA THROUGH ITS CENTRAL CLIMAX–SARVĀRTHASIDDHA’S ENLIGHTENMENT 93
4.1. Correspondences Between Naga-s 94
4.2. Correspondences Between The Offering of Food 98
4.3. Correspondences In The Two Encounters With The Five Mendicants 101
4.3.1. The Five Mendicants Meet and Serve the Buddha(-to-be): A Case of Direct or Similar Correspondences 104
4.3.2. The Humility and Curtness of the Five Mendicants: A Case of Contrasting
Correspondences 106
4.3.3. The Five Mendicants go from Leaving the Buddha to Knowing His Knowledge: A Case of Transformative Correspondences 109
4.4. Correspondences in the Two Meetings with Śreṇya 114
4.5. Correspondences Found Between the Birth of Sarvārthasiddha and the Nirvāṇa
of the Buddha 121
4.5.1. Supernatural Events 122
4.5.2. Asita and Subhadra 124
4.5.3. Māra 127
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION 130
BIBLIOGRAPHY 138
Primary Sources 138
Secondary Sources 138 |
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| Hits | 350 |
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| Created date | 2023.04.14 |
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| Modified date | 2023.05.18 |
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