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臺灣素食文化的形成與特色=The Formation and Characteristics of Vegetarian Culture in Taiwan
Author 釋顯僧 (撰)=曾潤麗 (compose)
Date2018
Pages138
Publisher佛光大學
Publisher Url https://website.fgu.edu.tw/
Location宜蘭縣, 臺灣 [I-lan hsien, Taiwan]
Content type博碩士論文=Thesis and Dissertation
Language中文=Chinese
Degreemaster
Institution佛光大學
Department佛教學系
Advisor許鶴齡
Publication year106
Keyword素食=vegetarianism; 五辛=the Five Pungent Roots; 梁武帝=Emperor Wu of Liang Dynasty; 蒜=garlic; 印度種姓=Indian Caste System
Abstract素食文化在目前世界已成潮流,透過自然科學的普及、地球生態環境的重視與個人健康理念的訴求,素食不再僅局限於宗教的茹素,如何吃的安心並兼顧節能減碳,是現代人文素養的重要課題。有「素食者的天堂」之稱的臺灣,因不同時期各種移民的遷入,在融合中國豐富的文化資源及優異的烹調技藝後,為世界帶來素食料理的傳承並激發多元的餐飲創新。
源自印度的非漢傳佛教區,因為環境或教義不同,飲食上並沒有嚴格遵守素食。2500年前跟隨佛陀托缽乞食的修行僧侶,不挑撿食物,肉類來源基本規範只要不自殺、不聞殺、不教他殺的三淨肉都可食用。當被生長在同一國土不同族群的馬來人、印度人問起,蔥蒜明明是蔬菜,卻不能食用的疑惑時,自己提出的解釋無法讓非佛教背景的人理解和接受,可能影響其他文化的人們,錯失認識釋尊的教義。
中國的素食習慣,源自於農耕社會的生存條件,及儒、釋、道、民間宗教團體的推廣,相當深遠的影響著臺灣的素食文化。除了禁肉,對於五辛的組成及忌食,追溯源頭,可見於北魏國師寇謙之時代的道教經典《三洞珠囊》。部派佛教律典《四分律》、《十誦律》、《五分律》、《摩訶僧祇律》中只有對「蒜」的記載;或許是因兩千多年來印度《摩奴法典》,以「蒜」來區別種姓階級的潔淨程度有關。中國在南朝梁武帝宣揚《梵網經》後,佛教也開始明定五種辛菜的禁食。
蔥蒜等五辛植物類的佐料能增加素食的多樣美味,降低動物性食材的依賴。基於不殺生的推廣及五辛營養價值,或許透過文獻,制定規範從當時的時空背景理解,試著理解制定者的考量;釐清宗教對五辛禁忌背景,可能源於印度社會區隔賤民的方式,或道家為了法術、咒語的成就而嚴格限制蔥蒜的佐配。臺灣禁忌五辛的素食特色,如果跨越現有的觀念,從素食到蔬食的養生考量,可以改變目前肉食的飲食習慣,讓臺灣美味蔬食推廣到各地。
臺灣過去素食的主要推手源自宗教,若五辛禁忌破解,蔬食意願的擴展是可預見的。筆者從民俗信仰,醫學、科學等方面知識,希望藉由追朔東方的飲食文化演變,讓身邊的朋友,可以消除疑惑,並揭開佛教素食文化的意涵,讓佛陀的教義較完整的再呈現,使其他區域的素食者,作為接觸佛法的橋樑,有機會親近佛教,是本論文研究的核心。

In recent years, there is a growing trend in vegetarianism. Due to the popularity in natural science, emphasis on the global ecological environment, and personal health ideals; vegetarianism is no longer only confined to merely religion. However, how could one eat with a mind at ease, and at the same time to save energy and reduce carbon emission. This is an important topic for a quality humanity in the modern era.

Taiwan is known as “The Paradise for Vegetarians”. This is because in different periods there were various immigrants moved into Taiwan. They integrated into the rich Chinese culture as well as the exceptional cooking techniques with the local. It is not only enriched but also inspired a variety of creative vegetarian cuisines in the world.

The non-Chinese Buddhist regions originated in India do not strictly comply with vegetarian diet due to the different environments or doctrines. 2500 years ago, the Buddha’s disciples do not pick on their food from alms processions. Furthermore, they are allowed to eat “Three kinks of pure meat” (Skt. tri-koṭi-śuddha-mâṃsa):Meat of an animal which one did not see being killed; Meat of an animal which one did not hear being killed; Meat of an animal which one did not request being killed. I have been questioned for the reasons of not eating garlic and onions as they are vegetables by the Malays and Indians from the same country. My answer was difficult to be understood and accepted by those who do not have any Chinese Buddhism background. Consequently, it might also deter them the chance to know the teachings of the Buddha.

The vegetarianism in China is influenced by the living conditions of agrarian society, as well as the propagations of Confucianism, Buddhism, Taoism, and folk religions. These deeply impacted the vegetarian culture in Taiwan. To trace its origin of Five Pungent Roots Restrictions, it is believed that it began from the Daoist Canon, Sandong Zhunang, written by Kou Qianzhi the Celestial Master of Northern Wei dynasty. According to the Vinaya in Sectarian Buddhism, only garlic was recorded in the Dharmagupta-vinaya, Sarvāstivāda-vinaya, Mahīśāsaka-vinaya, and Mahāsāṃghika Vinaya. It might be related to the Manusmṛti in India since 2000 years ago, with a use of “garlic” to differentiate the cleanliness of a caste. Since the Emperor Wu of Liang dynasty advocated the Brahmajāla-sūtra in China, Buddhists started to firmly restrict the consumption of the Five Pungent Roots.
Garlic and onions are part of the Five Pungent Roots. They helped to flavor and enrich the taste of vegetarian food. Furthermore, garlic and onions help to reduce the reliance on animal ingredients. Based on the advocation of no killing and the nutritional value of the Five Pungent Roots, I tried to understand the considerations of the person who setup this restriction through literature reviews, the background of the restrictions during that period. After clarified the Five Pungent Roots Restriction’s backround among religions, the restriction could be started by the Indian s
Table of contents摘要 I
ABSTRACT III
誌謝 V
目次 VI
表目錄 IX
第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究動機與目的 2
一、 研究動機 2
二、 研究目的 5
三、 相關文獻回顧 10
第二節 研究範圍與方法 14
一、 研究範圍 15
二、 研究方法 15
三、 論文架構 17
第二章 臺灣飲食文化淵源 21
第一節 臺灣的飲食特色 21
一、 豐富的食材 21
二、 多元的文化匯集碰撞 22
第二節 臺灣素食的現況 25
第三節 中國料理的淵源 28
第三章 宗教對素食的影響 34
第一節 臺灣的宗教傳承 34
一、 齋教與儒教鸞堂的形成 34
二、 臺灣戰後的宗教發展 36
第二節 儒家及道教的飲食觀 40
一、 儒家重視祭祠齋戒 41
二、 道教煉丹素食觀 47
第三節 佛教的飲食觀 54
一、 北方胡人對佛教的扶植 54
二、 梁武帝頒令的斷酒肉文 56
三、 其他时期素食的實踐 57
第四章 五辛禁食的由來 59
第一節 五辛的定義 59
一、 「五辛」用詞的起源 59
二、 韭、薤在中國的記載 60
三、 佛典中記載的蒜 60
第二節 「蒜」在印度社會的地位 71
一、 印度社會 72
二、 蒜味辨別旃陀羅 81
三、 女尼偷蒜的現象 87
第三節 官方制度五辛組成 92
一、 民間流行的「五辛」 92
二、 梁武帝制定五辛 98
第五章 看待五辛的視角 102
第一節 傳統的認知 102
一、 異味難忍 102
二、 影響修行 103
三、 消除異味 104
第二節 現代的研究 105
一、 五辛的成分 105
二、 五辛的功效 109
第六章 結論 112
參考書目 115
一、 佛教典籍和古籍 115
二、 中日文專書(以作者筆劃順序排列) 116
三、 學位論文 124
四、 期刊論文 125
五、 網路資料 126

表目錄
表2-2-1 臺灣五類素食分類表 26
表2-3-1 歷代素食譜書 32
表3-1-1 一貫道簡史 39
表3-2-1 歷代服丹藥的皇帝列 48
表3-2-2 道教年表 53
表4-1-1 戒律中有關偷蒜記載 63
表4-1-2 戒律中有關蒜味不敢前去聽法的記載 67
表4-1-3 戒律允蒜治病 69
表4-1-4 「蒜」出現在漢譯戒律的次數 71
表4-2-1 印度簡史 73
表4-2-2 《摩奴法典》對各種姓的規範 77
表4-2-3 二十一世紀的印度社會 78
表4-2-4 印度社會種姓階級現象 81
表4-2-5 大乘經典的禁蒜記載 91
表4-3-1 初始道教五辛經典 94
表4-3-2 東晉五辛密教經典 98
表5-2-1 蒜、韭、洋蔥、青蔥的營養 107
表5-2-2 大蒜、韭菜、洋蔥的生理系统作用 110
Hits228
Created date2020.02.10
Modified date2023.01.06



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