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蕅益智旭的圓教思想與實踐:以《大乘起信論裂網疏》為主=The Perfect Teaching Philosophy and Practices of 《The Explanation of Awakening of Faith in Mahayana》of Ouyi-Zhixu
Author 釋善想 (著)=Shi, Shan-sean (au.)
Date2020
Pages177
Publisher華梵大學
Publisher Url https://www.hfu.edu.tw/
Location新北市, 臺灣 [New Taipei City, Taiwan]
Content type博碩士論文=Thesis and Dissertation
Language中文=Chinese
Degreemaster
Institution華梵大學
Department東方人文思想研究所
Advisor李治華
Publication year108
Keyword如來藏=Tathagatagarbha; 性具=Evil in Buddha Nature; 性起=Goodness in Buddha Nature; 八識=Eight Consciousness; 持名念佛=Chanting Buddha Name
Abstract智旭教從天台的筆觸、橫跨諸宗思想的豐富性,堪稱自唐宋明一部活生生的天台思想演變史之總彚。智旭的圓教觀不但具有融會他宗色彩,圍繞在《起信論》所衍生之歷代天台教觀的問題亦有其特殊見解,以持名念佛導歸極樂淨土的實踐方法,實是悲憫末法眾生為之提供一盞明燈。根據本文的研究發現,《裂網疏》所展現的圓教思想含括天台、華嚴、唯識、淨土四大宗派的融攝,以「教理、觀行」兩大部分共分四點總結如下:一者、在唯識與天台交涉:智旭引入同重妄心觀的唯識學入天台學,其主張為假若「一界十如」之五位百法事相都不清楚,十界互具的「百界千如」之理具又如何體解,更不用説「理具事造、心造心具」擴及到三世間而成三千諸法實相之不思議。從「唯識無境」到「一念三千」的心法展現確實有借取之處。二者、在華嚴與天台交涉:《起信論》帶有相當濃厚「從體起用」的真心思想,智旭加了真如體「理具」一切法,「從體起用」變成「理具事造、心具心造」的本體思維,儘管華嚴「唯一真心」仍然與「無明即法性」的性質仍有不同,但華嚴學之「淨緣有力,染緣無力」、「淨緣無力,染緣有力」同屬法界的論述,與天台學之「如來不斷性惡,達惡不染惡」、「一闡提不達性善,修善得起廣治諸惡」的論述,某種程度上是可以會通彼此的圓教觀。從《裂網疏》釋「大乘起信」論題,可證實智旭的主張以天台「體相用」三即一、一即三論述「大乘」即是「性具」法門;選擇華嚴一即一切、相即相入詮釋「起信」即是「性起」法門。原本要在佛陀自證境才能體證的圓意,透過「六即位」的會通,即可分判眾生圓教的層次。在台賢圓教觀的會通之下,天台「中道實相」與華嚴「一真法界」並無不同,也説明了智旭的註疏裏處處引用華嚴「事事無礙」等真心觀的用語,其實正是「即妄而真」的合理推論。三、在《起信論》詮釋方法:智旭以「攝相歸性」讓唯識法相之「識、意、心」三者作用之關係與天台「一念可為能觀智、亦是所觀妄識」即「不思議境」的圓教理可以相互輝映;又以「大乘實相異名」和會大乘諸宗的第一義諦,皆是以一實相印為體。《裂網疏》將「真如凝然不受薰、真如隨無明受薰」、「始即是本、始覺返本」、「圓成實性、八識心王心所」等,透過「非一非異一」論證「眾生心」與「真如生滅二門」相即不離,其實都離不開權實互用,皆是實法、法法皆圓。但這樣獨特的詮釋方法,心識上是立於眾生地的「一念」趣向佛地,但也模糊了客觀的教判;反思上,可以從佛地「一心」開啟方便,凸顯教判仍有客觀上的需要。四、在淨土與天台的會通:天台祖師以「唯識觀」或「真如觀」契入「一法界大總相法門體」的修行方法產生爭論,除了以止觀自力實踐「觀一切妄念無相」的聖道門之外,智旭更指出「一念相應一念佛,念念相應念念佛」之淨念相繼的持名念佛法門,是更直捷圓頓的勝異方便門。

The Tien-Tai teaching explanation of Zhi-Xu is not so traditional. With merging thoughts across multiple sects of Chinese Buddhist, he played a key role which could be called the general history of Tien-Tai evolution from Tang, Sung to Ming dynasties of Chinese. Because of the richness of his thought, Zhi-Xu's sectarian judgment are inconsistent among current scholars. According to our research, we found there are four denominations of Zhi-Xu's fusing thoughts:
First, Zhi-Xu used "Six Stages of Realization to Buddhahood" of Tien-Tai to assimilate Perfect Teaching of Huayan sects. In his thought, not only Buddha could be in term of Perfect, everyone could be used "Six Stages of Realization to Buddhahood" to identify their Perfectness. Second, Zhi-Xu believed both of Yogacara and 《The Awakening of Faith in the Mahayana》 got the meaning of Perfect Teaching. Since Buddha and the Bodhisattva always mutually take Empiricism and or Metaphysics as the ways of guiding people to prove the Buddha Nature. Either Eight Consciousness Doctrine of Yogacara from Empiricism point of view, or Tathata Doctrine of 《The Awakening of Faith in the Mahayana》 from Metaphysics point of view, Zhi-Xu took it as part of Buddha Nature. Third, Zhi-Xu took the point of 《The Awakening of Faith in the Mahayana》 from Tein-Tai's masters. Zhan-Ran's thought included Tathata and Mind-only Doctrine, the boundary between these two is not so clear, it led different explanation of how to practice Tein-Tai's Samatha-Vipassana Bhavana among the masters in Sung dynasties. The monks of traditional sects supported to practice Samatha-Vipassana Bhavana with mind first , then with Tathata. But the monks of non-traditional sects support to practice Samatha-Vipassana Bhavana with Tathata directly. However, Zhi-Xi didn't take either one but merged these two thoughts. He adopted the mind-only thought of Yogacara into Tein-Tai Perfect Teaching and chose chanting Amito-Buddha's name as practicing Samatha-Vipassana Bhavana. Even though, this it still respect Tein-Tai Doctrine since reincarnation to The Pure Land in West is also belong to Tein-Tai's thought. Fourth, Zhi-Xu emphasized the Bhavana of chanting Amito-Buddha's name is simple to us, but its background Doctrine is belong to Tein-Tai Perfect Teaching. The tips of realizing this Bhavana are chanting Amito-Buddha's name with a ring counting the chanting numbers, well dealing with the people around you, and don't be persistent. Once you can keep practicing this way till Amito-Buddha leading you to go to The Pure Land in West, that means you got what Tathata it is with Samatha-Vipassana Bhavana of mind-only.
Table of contents第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究動機與目的 1
第二節 研究方法與範圍 6
第三節 研究架構與章節 8
第四節 研究文獻回顧 9
第二章 智旭生平、著作及其判教思想來源 15
第一節 智旭的生平 16
一、 名字別號 16
二、 生平記事 17
第二節 智旭的著作 23
一、 對於文字般若的重視 23
二、 著作種類 25
第三節 天台與華嚴的教判思想 28
一、 天台教判 29
二、 華嚴教判 39
第四節 天台學之演變 46
一、 唐代天台學演變 46
二、 宋代天台學演變 49
三、 明代天台學演變 53
第五節 智旭釋經論的方法 58
一、 智旭治學方法的範圍及目的 58
二、 會通性相二宗的方法 60
三、 會通性宗第一義的方法 63
第六節 小結 65
第三章 《大乘起信論裂網疏》的圓教思想 67
第一節 《起信論》的教判判屬 69
一、 歷代祖師觀點 70
二、 如來藏心與如來藏理的差別 73
三、 智旭對於《起信論》教理的教判 77
第二節 「大乘起信」會通「性具」、「性起」 81
一、 「大乘」與「性具」法門 81
二、 「起信」與「性起」法門 85
三、 「性具」、「性起」的會通 89
第三節 《裂網疏》「一心二門」之「天台諦觀」 94
一、 中觀二諦 94
二、 七種二諦 95
三、 五種三諦 98
第四節 真如門的「空」與「不空」之天台與華嚴會通 101
一、 一法界大總相法門體之華嚴隨緣與天台互具 101
二、 依言説空與不空之真如本性與染淨互具 103
三、 離言説隨順悟入之天台六即 105
第五節 生滅門的「覺」與「不覺」之天台與唯識會通 106
一、 大乘體的異名之法身、賴耶、如來藏等義 108
二、 本覺即是始覺之權實六即 113
三、 生三細長六粗之唯識無境與妄心無相 125
第六節 小結 129
第四章 《大乘起信論裂網疏》的實踐 133
第一節 聖道門之信解行發心 135
一、 信發心 135
二、 解行發心 137
第二節 勝異方便門之信願行 140
一、 三種念佛法門 140
二、 淨土信願行的抉擇 143
第三節 智旭的現前一念心 147
一、 從唯識教判觀點 147
二、 從持名念佛觀點 150
第四節 小結 158
第五章 結論 161
一、 對於唯識思想的會通 161
二、 對於華嚴圓教思想的會通 162
三、 對於《起信論》的詮釋 162
四、 對於淨土思想的會通 164
參考資料 167
Hits416
Created date2021.11.25
Modified date2023.01.18



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