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佛教與戰爭——以二戰期間中日佛教界對戰爭之詮釋為中心=Buddhism and War:Focused on the interpretation of the Chinese and Japanese Buddhist communities during the World War II
Author 陳芷慧 (著)=CHEN, TZU-HUI (au.)
Date2019
Pages1 - 125
Publisher佛光大學
Publisher Url https://website.fgu.edu.tw/
Location宜蘭縣, 臺灣 [I-lan hsien, Taiwan]
Content type博碩士論文=Thesis and Dissertation
Language中文=Chinese
Degreemaster
Institution佛光大學
Department佛教學系
Advisor闞正宗
Publication year107
Keyword戰爭=War; 護國=National protection; 戒律=precept; 殺生=Killing
Abstract佛教以佛陀為教主,其主要教義的核心為「慈悲」與「智慧」。從古至今歷史上有許多的戰爭,在戰爭中免不了有殺戮的行為產生。以佛教的戒律來說,要成為一位佛教徒,最基本要接受三皈五戒。而五戒中的第一條,便是不殺生戒,除了消極的戒殺之外,更要積極的護生,戒殺可說是佛教的根本精神之一。
二戰期間的中日戰爭,中國佛教資深僧侶,對於日本的侵略,被刻意宣傳所誤導,以至於認為同為佛教的一支,應該不會迫害中國佛教徒;加上認為僧侶與政治、戰爭毫不相干,所以往往選擇堅守在原有的寺院裡,而最後的結果卻是慘遭殺害。長期以來佛教傳統的包袱,在戰爭的刺激下,身為國民的年輕僧侶,卻有不同於老一輩僧侶的看法,認為應該要奮起抗戰。在多樣的想法下,當時的中國佛教界,對於僧侶們是否投入,以及若要投入,該如何協助等這些議題,便成為當時佛教界討論的關鍵點。
日本佛教由於歷史的脈絡,多以護國為前提來協助戰爭,不惜刪除、修改佛教教義,以配合國家政策,形成所謂的「皇國佛教」,以扭曲佛教教義來使戰爭合理化,這一點與中國佛教界的立場完全不相同。
從僧侶個人對佛教教義的詮釋,可以觀察到各自在組織結構的不同,所發展出的獨特佛教特性,以及外在政治力量下,對中日佛教所產生的巨大影響。若宗教淪為國家政治的操作工具時,其教義往往是被用來扭曲或轉用,宗教本質也產生了轉變。

Buddhism takes the Buddha as its leader, and its main teachings is "Compassion" and "Wisdom." Since ancient times, there have been many wars in the history, in which it is inevitable that there will be killings in the war. In the case of Buddhist precepts, to become a Buddhist, the most basic thing is to take Triple Gem and Five Precepts, in which the first is not to kill. It means not only passively not killing, but also actively protect lives, which is the most important fundamental of Buddhism.
During the war between China and Japan in 20th century , Chinese senior monks received the wrong news deliberately publicized by Japan. Chinese senior monks believe Japanese Buddhism is the branch of Chinese Buddhism, so Japanese Buddhism should not persecute them, especially monks have nothing to do with war. For this kind of reasons, Chinese senior monks insist to stay in their own monasteries during the war. This is long-standing burden of Chinese Buddhist tradition. Stimulated by the war, young monks have different views from these senior monks, that think of they should help to resistance during the war. Under a variety of ideas, the Chinese Buddhist community at that time, whether the monks were involved, and if want to, how to do it, and so forth, these issues became the important points of discussion within the Chinese Buddhist circles at that time.
Due to the context of history, Japanese Buddhism is mostly based on the premise of protecting the country to assist in the war. Because of the historical context, Japanese Buddhism mostly takes protecting the country as the premise to assist the war, to delete and modify the Buddhist doctrine, as a coordination with the national policy, to form the so-called "imperial Buddhism". Japan rationalized the war by distorting the teachings of Buddhism, which is completely different from the position of the Chinese Buddhist community.
From the monks' interpretation of Buddhist teachings, we can observe the differences in their organizational structures, the unique characteristics of Buddhism developed, and the great influence on Chinese and Japanese Buddhism under the political power. When religion becomes the operating tool of state politics, its doctrine is often distorted or converted, and the nature of religion has also changed.
Table of contents摘要 i
Abstract ii
誌謝辭 iii
目錄 iv
表格目錄 vi
第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究動機與目的 1
第二節 研究回顧 4
第三節 研究方法 8
第四節 全文架構 8
第二章 佛教之戰爭觀 12
第一節 古代中國僧侶之戰爭觀 13
一、道安勸諫苻堅不宜出兵 14
二、求那跋摩善巧教化 15
三、行菩薩五法以治國 16
四、玄奘與唐太宗 17
第二節 民國時期經律之引用 19
一、原始佛教 19
二、大乘佛教 23
(一)戒律的引用 23
(二)經典的引用 25
第三節 小結 32
第三章 日本佛教界對戰爭之詮釋 33
第一節 護國佛教的形成 33
一、佛教的傳入與聖德太子 33
二、與佛教相關的法令 34
三、新舊佛教勢力 35
四、護國思想 36
五、幕府時代與明治維新 37
第二節 支持戰爭之論述 40
一、攝受與折伏 41
二、七生報國 44
三、一殺多生 47
第三節 少數的非戰論者 48
一、戰爭是罪惡 49
二、主張佛教改革與社會改造 51
三、鈴木大拙是否支持戰爭 54
第四節 小結 61
第四章 中國佛教界對戰爭之詮釋 63
第一節 戒殺茹素息災救國論 63
一、戒殺茹素救國 64
二、息災法會救國 67
(一)法會消災祈福 67
(二)迷信與科學 70
第二節 持槍護國大乘救世主義 74
一、上場殺敵於戒無犯 74
二、退戒返俗以護戒 78
三、聲聞、菩薩戒與開遮持犯 79
第三節 宣傳救護大乘救世主義 80
一、僧侶護國的催化劑 80
二、第一線的救護隊 82
三、海內外的宣傳 84
四、其他 86
第四節 小結 88
第五章 中日佛教界之差異 89
第一節 教理依據 89
一、律典依據 89
二、經典的依據 91
三、論典依據 93
第二節 組織型態與其扮演角色 98
第三節 戰後之轉向 102
第四節 小結 106
第六章 結論 108
參考文獻 112
一、原典 112
二、專書 113
三、論文 114
四、網站 116
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Created date2022.06.16
Modified date2023.01.06



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