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Buddhism and Childhood – An Analysis of Premodern South Asian Buddhist Discourse and Imagery=佛教與兒童 – 近代以前的南亞佛教教說與形象分析 |
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| Author |
Norberto Valentin Conde Jimenez Fernandes da Cruz (著)
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| Date | 2017 |
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| Pages | 1 - 127 |
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| Publisher | 佛光大學 |
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| Publisher Url |
https://website.fgu.edu.tw/
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| Location | 宜蘭縣, 臺灣 [I-lan hsien, Taiwan] |
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| Content type | 博碩士論文=Thesis and Dissertation |
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| Language | 英文=English |
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| Degree | master |
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| Institution | 佛光大學 |
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| Department | 佛教學系 |
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| Advisor | 釋永東 |
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| Publication year | 106 |
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| Keyword | 兒童=Children; 兒童期=Childhood; 古印度=Ancient India; 人性化的=Literal; 精神性=Figurative; 成年人導向的=Adult-Oriented; 孩童意識=Awareness of childhood |
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| Abstract | 兒童時期是人們的共同經驗，不論任何時代，任何文化都是一樣的。做為一個重要的社會結構形態之一，近來，很多的因素導致它獲得了很多的關注。既使如此，有關兒童與佛教的研究非但仍然欠缺，且多有受到以西方為中心的態度所影響。本論文希望籍由廣泛的探討近代以前南亞佛教文獻有關佛教與兒童有關方面的教說，來正視此問題。
第一章的目的，在明確化研究目標和動機，以及研究方法和進路。為了更深入探究、檢視孩童期及其變換的境況，第二章將會提供，對於有助了解本研究，關鍵性的專有名辭概念，以及相關的社會層面背景。進而，進行孩童研究相關的文獻搜集與閱讀梳理，以期找出，現前的挑戰與普遍存在的典範。
接著會針對，不同佛典文獻中，所蘊含的間接或直接的，孩童或孩童期相關圖像的教說，進行分析。這些文獻，大都是屬於主流和大乘佛教的傳統，但是筆者偶而也會引用金剛乘的資料，來支持論證。以對比的方式來安排這兩章，主要有兩個目的：(a) 去呈現佛教傳統有關於孩童和孩童期相關教說的光譜，(b) 去呈現，超越現有典範的可能性。
第三章聚焦於哲學論著裡，佛教以字面原意和比喻的衝突呈現孩童。本章第一節在於處理有關胎藏、母親和孩子的捨棄的形像，以表現出佛教裡，一種不完善的孩童期的形像建構。第二節聚焦於欣羡的言詞的配置，被用在描述有關於符合佛教精神典型的孩童和家庭。
第四章是以成年人的觀點，來探視佛教文獻裡，經由有關於孩童看護和孩童養育方式，所顯露的，和孩童共存的孩童意識及其特徵。因而發現到，以成年人為中心的態度，可能對佛教傳統產生了誤解，而認為佛教傳統，不重視孩童生理和心理的需要。然而，深入的探討結果顯示，古印度的孩童意識是空前的。
Childhood is a human experience, universally represented across time and cultures. In recent times, it has received increasing attention as an important structural form of society, influenced by various parameters and influencing them at the same time. Despite the relevance of it, the research on childhood and Buddhism is still insufficient and still heavily influenced by a western-centered attitude. This thesis seeks to address the study on Buddhism and childhood by engaging in an extensive exploration of childhood discourse and imagery in Premodern South Asian Buddhist texts.
Chapter 1 aims at clearly laying down the research purposes and motivations, as well as methods and approach. In order to delve into a more critical examination of childhood and its vicissitudes, chapter 2 will provide crucial understanding of terminologies and concepts, as well as background on social aspects. To accomplish this, a critical survey the field of Childhood Studies will be conducted, identifying its challenges and prevailing paradigms.
An analysis of various Buddhist texts containing either direct or indirect discourse and imagery of children and childhood will be carried out. These texts are mainly from Mainstream and Mahāyana traditions, but I will occasionally cross this line and draw from Vajrayana sources in order to support some arguments. The contrasting way in which these two chapters are have been arranged serves two main purposes: (a) to represent the spectrum of discourses on children and childhood in Buddhist tradition and (b) to represent the possibility of transcending established paradigms.
Chapter 3 focuses on the ambivalent Buddhist literal and figurative representation of childhood in philosophical texts. The first section deals with the imagery related to the embryo, the mother and child abandonment to demonstrate a non-idealized construction of childhood its related themes in Buddhist literature. The second section concentrates on the displacement of appreciative language related to childhood and family to the realm of Buddhist religious ideals.
Chapter 4 deals with the adult-oriented perspectives on childhood coexisting with the awareness of childhood and its characteristics revealed through childcare and childrearing practices documented in Buddhist texts. The general adult-centered attitude found in some sources might generate misconceptions about Buddhism as a tradition that disregards the physical and psychological needs of small children. However, a deeper investigation evidenced an awareness of childhood that is unprecedented in Ancient India. |
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| Table of contents | ABSTRACT i
摘要 iv
DEDICATION vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vii
CONTENTS ix
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1
1.1. Background of the study 3
1.2. Literature review 6
1.3. Problem statement and purpose 11
1.4. Methodology 12
1.4.1. Ohnuma’s approach and source categorization 14
1.5. Research limitations and challenges 17
CHAPTER 2: RECONSTRUCTING CHILDHOOD 19
2.1. The Studies of childhood in context 19
2.1.1. The prevalent paradigms in the studies of childhood in Buddhism 25
2.1.2. Overcoming the prevalent paradigms 27
2.2. Defining terms 33
2.2.1. Definition of terms for childhood 34
2.2.2. Definition of terms for children 36
2.3. Childhood as a structural form 40
2.3.1. Childhood as a structural form in Ancient India 44
2.3.1.1. Childhood and social stratification 45
2.3.1.2. Childhood and familial relationships 47
2.3.1.3. Childhood and education 51
2.4. Chapter Conclusion 54
CHAPTER 3: LITERAL AND FIGURATIVE REPRESENTATIONS OF CHILDREN 58
3.1. Literal representations of children 61
3.1.1. Garbha-Duḥkha: The suffering of the embryo 65
3.1.2. Children and their mothers 70
3.1.3. Children and abandonment 75
3.2. Figurative Representation of Children 83
3.2.1. Childhood themes and representations of Universal Compassion 86
3.2.2. Childhood themes and spiritual cultivation 93
3.2.3. Childhood themes and the master-pupil relationship 99
3.2.3.1. The Buddha as a Father 100
3.2.3.2. Familial symbolism regulating the monastic community 104
3.3. Chapter Conclusion 106
CHAPTER 4: ADULT-ORIENTEDNESS AND CHILDHOOD AWARENESS COEXISTING IN BUDDHIST LITERATURE 112
4.1. The Miniature Adult in Buddhism 112
4.1.1. Was the Buddha ever a child? 115
4.1.2. Tulku: The past-oriented child 123
4.2. Childcare and Childrearing in Buddhism 128
4.2.1. Childcare 129
4.2.1.1. Childcare for the laity 133
4.2.1.2. Childcare for child monastics 138
4.2.2. Childrearing 145
4.3. Chapter Conclusion 149
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION 154
BIBLIOGRAPHY 159
Primary Sources 159
English translations of the Pali Nikāya 159
English translations of Mahāyana Sūtras 159
Chinese Canon 160
Hinduist Scriptures 160
Secondary Sources 160
Books 160
Articles 162
Terciary Sources 165 |
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| Hits | 297 |
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| Created date | 2022.06.16 |
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| Modified date | 2023.02.10 |
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