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Rewriting the Past: Reception and Commentary of Nihon Shoki, Japan's First Official History |
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Felt, Matthieu Anthony James (著)
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| Date | 2017.01 |
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| Pages | 375 |
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| Publisher | Columbia University |
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| Publisher Url |
https://www.columbia.edu/
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| Location | New York, NY, US [紐約, 紐約州, 美國] |
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| Content type | 博碩士論文=Thesis and Dissertation |
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| Language | 英文=English |
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| Degree | doctor |
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| Institution | Columbia University |
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| Department | East Asian Languages and Cultures |
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| Advisor | David B. Lurie |
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| Publication year | 2017 |
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| Keyword | Japanese literature; History; Mythology, Japanese; Nihon shoki |
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| Abstract | This study traces the diverse interpretations of Japan’s oldest official history, the 720 Nihon shoki, from its earliest scholarly treatment in the ninth century until its enshrinement within the canon of Japanese national literature in the modern period. Elites in the early eighth century produced a number of texts that described the fundamental principles of the world and the contours of the Japanese empire, such as Kojiki (712), Kaifūsō (751), Man’yōshū (late 8th c.), and as the official court narrative, Nihon shoki. While each of these possesses its own “imperial imagination,” Nihon shoki is distinct because it heavily incorporates historical polities across Northeast Asia, especially on the Korean peninsula, in creating a narrative of ancient Japan in the world. Further, Nihon shoki, while written primarily in Literary Sinitic, also includes elements of the Japanese vernacular, and rather than delineating a single orthodox narrative, provides a number of alternative, conflicting accounts of Japanese mythology. These characteristics animated much of the debate surrounding the text’s proper reading and meaning as later commentators grappled with its exegesis.
The dissertation comprises an introduction and five chapters. The first chapter analyzes the discourse surrounding the Nihon shoki in the eighth and ninth centuries, when lectures were periodically given on the text at court. The notes from these lectures reveal controversies over how the text was composed and the proper method of reading it. After the lectures, courtiers composed Japanese poetry about major figures depicted in the work, frequently creating new mythologies that departed from the original as they sought to connect their vision of antiquity with the present. The poems also demonstrate the use of digests and alternative texts that were used as stand-ins for Nihon shoki. I discuss two of these in detail, Kogo shūi (807) and Sendai kuji hongi (c. 936), and show how they took advantage of ambiguities in Nihon shoki to position themselves as authoritative accounts.
In Chapter 2, I take up approaches that used Nihon shoki as an originary narrative from the twelfth to fifteenth centuries. This type of treatment begins to appear to a limited degree in poetic treatises such as Minamoto no Toshiyori’s Toshiyori zuinō (1113) and Fujiwara no Nakazane’s Kigōshō (1116) and became widespread through the middle of the twelfth century. These same mid-century scholars were also responsible for producing picture scrolls based on the text and the first Nihon shoki commentary, Shinzei’s Nihongi shō (circa 1150). As the trend intensified, citations began to go further and farther afield, often attributing stories and facts to Nihon shoki that are not in the original text. Use of Nihon shoki as an originary narrative was also adopted in political treatises by commentators such as Jien (1155-1225), and I discuss the methods and acrobatic intellectual maneuvers of these agents in blending Buddhist and continental cosmology with the Nihon shoki creation story. I focus especially on Jien’s Gukanshō (c. 1220) and Ichijō Kaneyoshi’s (1402-1481) Nihon shoki sanso (1457).
Chapter 3 begins with the uneasy syncretism between Nihon shoki and Song Confucian metaphysics in the seventeenth century. Works in this lineage, such as Hayashi Razan’s Jinmu tennō ron (1618), imagine the gods as metaphors for human actors and form the mainstream of intellectual treatment of Nihon shoki in the Edo period. Other Confucian thinkers, such as Yamazaki Ansai, instead read the gods as factual and use Nihon shoki as evidence of universal Confucian metaphysics; in Ansai’s case the result was an entirely new school of Shinto, and his disciples were responsible for the first two commentaries that covered the entire text. One response to this was a reading that prioritized continental histories over the Nihon shoki chronicles, epitomized by the full-length commentary Shoki shukkai (c. 1785). Another a |
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| Table of contents | List of Figures iii
Conventions iv
Acknowledgements v
Introduction: Quandaries of Reading the Nihon shoki 1
Chapter 1: Heian Reception: Nihon shoki Lectures, Waka, and Derivative Texts 13
Discourse on the Nihon shoki at Court – New Mythologies in Completion Derivatives in Conclusion Banquet
Poetry – Kogo shūi and a New Mythology – Sendai kuji hongi and Faking Source Material in the Heian
Chapter 2: The Medieval Chronicles and Nihon shoki Syncretism 76
Nihon shoki after the Lectures – Nihon shoki as Honsetsu in Poetic Commentaries– Setsuwa and the mid-
12th Century Nihon shoki Boom – From Jien to Heike – Rise of the Urabe – A Totalized Theory: Ichijō
Kaneyoshi
Chapter 3: Edo Period Approaches 157
Early Modern Confucian Historiography – Yamazaki Ansai and Suika Shintō – The Kawamura School – Nihon
shoki in Norinaga’s Kojikiden – Hirata Atsutane and Divine-age Script
Chapter 4: Meiji Readings of Nihon shoki: History, Linguistics, and Mythology 205
The Diversity of Meiji Readings – Naka Michiyo and the Foundation Year Debate – Kume Kunitake and the
Metaphorical Reading of the Divine Age – Ōkubo Yoshiharu and the kokugaku Response to Kume – Hoshino
Hisashi and the Korean Peninsula – Inoue Testsujirō’s Inconsistent Approach – The Misgivings of Shiratori
Kurakichi – Tsuda Sōkichi and the Beginning of ki-ki Mythology
Chapter 5: Nihon shoki and Creation of National Canon 265
Nihon shoki in Mikami and Takatsu’s History of Japanese Literature – Script, Literature, and fubun no
bungaku – Making the Spoken Word into Literature Proper – Incorporating Mythology – Expanding the
Ancient Period – Nihon shoki and the Late Meiji National Literature Movement
Afterword 310
Bibliography 316
Appendix A: Translation of Excerpts from Record of the Western Palace 329
Appendix B: Translation of Nihongi kyōen waka 332
Figure 1. From Ōkubo Yoshiharu’s Shinten giwaku mondō, 1888. 240
Figure 2. Map of Korea from Hoshino Hisashi’s "Honpō no jinshu gengo ni tsuite hikō o nobete yo no shinshin aikokusha
ni shissu," 1890 245
Figure 3. Jindai moji chart, from Mikami and Takatsu’s Nihon bungaku shi, 1890 271 |
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| DOI | https://doi.org/10.7916/D86978X2 |
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| Hits | 98 |
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| Created date | 2023.05.08 |
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| Modified date | 2024.06.21 |
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