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從雪峰慧空禪師書簡 看兩宋之際福建禪宗之復甦=The Revivification of Chan Buddhism in Fujian during the Northern and Southern Song Transition Period: With a Special Reference to Xuefeng Huikong’s Letters |
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| Author |
黃啟江 (著)
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| Source |
法鼓佛學學報=Dharma Drum Journal of Buddhist Studies
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| Volume | n.32 |
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| Date | 2023.06 |
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| Publisher | 法鼓文理學院 |
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| Publisher Url |
https://www.dila.edu.tw/
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| Location | 新北市, 臺灣 [New Taipei City, Taiwan] |
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| Content type | 期刊論文=Journal Article |
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| Language | 中文=Chinese |
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| Keyword | 雪峰慧空=Xuefeng Huikong; 書簡=letters; 福建=Fujian; 書尺文化=epistolary culture; 大慧宗杲=Dahui Zonggao |
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| Abstract | 兩宋之際的雪峰慧空禪師（1096-1158）有七篇書簡傳世，其中一篇述及江西叢席殘破後，法門衰落，未能復振；而在元祐初的三、五年內，諸老衲率多入閩，致使福建之禪宗逐漸轉盛。此是慧空於南宋紹興二十三年（1153）入福建雪峰崇聖寺後，對哲宗元祐朝以來福建禪宗發展情況之所見，是研究兩宋之際地域性禪宗發展之重要文獻。本文根據此文獻和慧空之另六篇書簡，提出兩宋之際福建禪宗復甦之觀點；時間以北宋元祐初年南宋紹興二十三年為上下限。
福建禪宗之復甦，除因江西入閩禪師繼大慧宗杲在紹興四、五年（1134-1135）間在福州及泉南傳法外，亦因其他宗派禪師之參與。這些禪師或來自江西，或與江西禪宗有淵源，在福州、泉州、漳州、興化軍等「下四州」傳法與興建寺院之活動，助成禪宗在「下四州」之復甦。
雪峰慧空之書簡可代表福建禪宗圈「書尺文化」之呈現；慧空以書尺交流之方式與福建地區禪僧、官員、儒生、居士和道友間之互動，說明他雖自稱老弱多病，但活動頻繁，與福州、泉州寺院時有聯繫，顯見他個人積極協助福建禪宗之復甦。雖然其書簡所含之資訊不足以見建、南劍、汀州及邵武軍瞪「上四州」禪宗之復甦，但無疑能使讀者略窺福建禪宗在兩宋之際發展與轉盛之大概。
Chan master Xuefeng Huikong (1096-1158) left behind seven letters that circulated during the Northern and Southern Song transition period. Of these letters, one mentions that after the Jiangxi Chan Buddhism atrophied Buddhism was unable to regain momentum in Jiangxi and that within three to five years many Chan masters went off to Fujian, where they boosted the growth of Fujian’s Chan Buddhism. This development of Chan Buddhism in Fujian was what Huikong witnessed after he had gone to Fujian in the 23rd year of the Shaoxing reign (1153) to hold the abbacy of the Chongsheng Monastery on Xuefeng. Thus, the letter is an important document that can facilitate our research on and understanding of the regional development of Chan Buddhism in Fujian during the Northern and Southern Song transition period. In this article, I use this letter and other six letters as major sources to bring up the point that argues the occurrence of Chan Buddhism’s revivification in Fujian from the beginning of the Yuanyou reign to the 23rd year of the Shaoxing reign.
The revivification of Chan Buddhism in Fujian was due in part to the fact that Chan masters in Jiangxi entered Fujian, following Dahui Zonggao’s spreading of Chan in Fuzhou and Southern Quanzhou during the 4th and 5th years of the Shaoxing reign. Other reasons include the participation of Chan monks of other schools in disseminating Chan Buddhism. These Chan monks either came from Jiangxi or had some form of connection with the Jiangxi Chan masters. Their diffusion of Chan in the Four Lower Prefectures of Fujian, i.e., Fuzhou, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, and Xinghuajun, also facilitated the revivification of Chan Buddhism in the areas.
Huikong’s letters represent “epistolary culture” noticeable in the Fujian Chan circle. As an eminent Chan mater, Huikong interacted with a number of monks, officials, scholars, lay Buddhists, and patrons of Chan in Fujian by dint of mutual correspondences. Despite being frail due to an ailment from which he claimed he was suffering, his feebleness did not prevent him from acting compulsively to preside over Xuefeng, nor did it stop him from involving himself in various religious activities. They include the following: connecting himself with Chan monasteries in Fuzhou and Quanzhou; offering sermons in neighboring monasteries; engaging his fellow dharma friends in Chan discourse; urging Kalyāṇa-mitra or good friends to support Buddhism; warning scholars not to infringe monastic rules for personal gains. Activities like these speak volumes about Huikong’s personal engagement in the spread of Chan. His efforts helped revive Chan Buddhism in Fujian. While Huikong’s letters do not provide us with comprehensive information concerning “Chan revivification” in other Fujian districts like the Four Upper Prefectures, i.e., Jianzhou, Nanjianzhou, Tingzhou, and Shaowujun, they doubtless offer a glimpse into the development and flourishing of Chan Buddhism in Fujian during the Northern and Southern Song transition period. |
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| Table of contents | 一、引言 4
二、歷史脈絡中的慧空禪師書簡 5
三、慧空所見福建禪宗之表象與事實 9
四、慧空參與福建禪文化之作為 41
五、慧空與福建教外人士論道書簡 51
六、慧空書簡對研討福建禪宗復甦之啟示 60
七、結論 75 |
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| ISSN | 19968000 (P) |
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| Hits | 71 |
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| Created date | 2023.10.26 |
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| Modified date | 2023.10.26 |
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