Lesson 21

Optative of the Atmanepada:

 

 

  Sg. Du. Pl.
1. labheya labhevahi labhemahi
2. labhethah labheyatham labhedhvam
3. labheta labheyatam labheran

 

The optative of the passive is conjugated in the same way (kriyeta, let it be done).

The declension of the word nau- (f., boat):

 
Sg. Du. Pl.
Nom. nauh navau navah
Acc. navam navau navah
Ins. nava naubhyam naubhih
Dat. nave naubhyam naubhyah
Abl. nauh naubhyam naubhyah
Gen. nauh navoh navam
Loc. navi navoh nausu
Voc. nauh navau navah

As you have probably noticed, Sanskrit sentences do not necessarily contain a verb or a noun. Thus: awvah wighrah means "the horse [is] swift"; ga rakset means "let [one] protect cows"; gacchati "[he/she] goes".

Text (read and translate):

 

1. bhratari stenah waranamubcan |

2. yadi narah wruteh smrtewca vidhinanutistheyustada sadhubhih wasyeran |

3. vaiwyah krsya vanijyena pawupalyena va varteran |

4. sajdigdhaj navaj narohet |

5. yadi gavgaya varini mriyedhvaj tada svargaj labhedhvam |

6. jamatarah wvawuransnusah wvawrurduhitarawca putrawca pitarau severan |

7. brahmanairnavodadhirna tiryeta |

8. watrubhirna parajiyetha iti nrpaj praja vadanti |

9. nausu yuddhamabhavat |

10. balavudyane rameyatam |

11. putrasya gurave navinah katah kriyeta |

12. nabhinandeta maranaj nabhinandeta jivitam |
     kalameva pratikseta nidewaj bhrtako yatha ||

The exercise key

Translate to Sanskrit:

 

1. May the friends be always remembered!

2. Let students greet teachers with devotion (passive).

3. Even out of fear do not say lie ("un-truth") (opt. pass.).

4. Let women and children be taken away to the city.

5. Let new poems be written!

6. Let the sacrifice be even today performed in the temple.

7. Let the brahmin not plough and serve for a living - this we read in the treatises.

8. Let men abandon fear and fight with the enemy.

The exercise key

Vocabulary:

 

anu+stha-, anutisthati (I): to follow, to carry out, to perform

apa+ni-, apanayati (I): to take away

abhi+nand-, abhinandate (I): to rejoice at, to welcome (Acc.)

abhi+vad-, abhivadati (I): to salute

ram-, ramate (I): to play

vi+ram-, viramate (I): to give up, to abandon (Abl.)

udyana-, n.: garden

krsi-, f.: agriculture

jivita-, n.: life

nidewa-, m.: order

seva-, f.: service

pawupalya-, n.: the breeding of cattle

bhaya-, m.: fear

bhrtaka-, m.: servant

marana-, n.: death

mitra-, n.: friend

vanijya-, n.: business, trade

vidhi-, m.: way, mode; rule, direction

sama-, adj.: same, equal, even

sajdigdha-, adj.: doubtful, questionable

yatha, adv.: how, as (relative)