The verbs of the IV. class are thematic verbs. Between the root (in normal grade) and thematic vowel they add -y-: kup-, kupyati (to be angry).
The verb drw- (to see) is irregular and defective. Only passive is constructed from this root, indicative uses different root (paw-). Therefore: drw-, pawyati (to see, to look).
watru-, m. (enemy)
| Sg. | Du. | Pl. | |
| Nom. | watruh | watru | watravah |
| Acc. | watrum | watru | watrun |
| Ins. | watruna | watrubhyam | watrubhih |
| Dat. | watrave | watrubhyam | watrubhyah |
| Abl. | watroh | watrubhyam | watrubhyah |
| Gen. | watroh | watrvoh | watrunam |
| Loc. | watrau | watrvoh | watrusu |
| Voc. | watro | watru | watravah |
Masculine adjectives ending in -u use the same declension.
Sanskrit words often use prefixes to alter or completely change the meaning. For example a- means roughly "from away to here": agacchati (to come), anayati (to bring). But if a is used separately as a preposition, it means "all the way to" or "only from": a vanam (all the way to the forest), a vanat (only from the forest).
-ah before any other vowel then -a is changed into -a: narah agacchati -> nara agacchati (a man comes).
-h after any vowel and before c-, ch- is changed into -w: devah ca -> devawca (and the god), agnih ca -> agniwca (and the fire).
-h after any vowel and before t-, th- is changed into -s: nrpatih tatra -> nrpatistatra (the king is there), watruh tisthati atra -> watrustisthatyatra (the enemy stands here).
1. kavayo dhane lubhyanti |
2. guru wisyayoh krudhyatah |
3. nrpa aribhyah kupyanti |
4. parawuna vrksankrntatha |
5. janasya bindavo gireh patanti |
6. wisyaih saha guravastatrodadhij pawyanti |
7. vipro hutamagnavasyati |
8. visnumrsiryajati nrpaya |
9. naro 'wvamarohati |
10. ksetresu jalaj wusyati |
11. guravah wisyanaj snihyanti |
12. nrpanaj ripavo 'sina nawyanti |
13. balo gurave pattraj likhati |
14. jana maninaj rawinicchanti |
15. a girervrksa rohanti |
16. bahubhyaj jalaj narastaranti |
17. balau grhe hvayati narah |
18. kaveh putra gramasya marge gajaj pawyanti |
19. nrpo nagaraj ksatriyanahvayati |
20. guruh wisyawca kutra sidatah |
21. watrubhiradya ksatriya yudhyanti |
22. kimanayasiti gururbalaj prcchati |
1. Birds fly from the clouds and sit on the tree.
2. "There stands father's house," says the boy to the traveler.
3. The king with fighters comes to the city.
4. By the power of [your] arms you win, oh king.
5. We do not live here, but father lives here.
6. "What are you writing now," asks teacher the student.
7. In teacher's house students sit on mats and read treatises.
8. The fighter mounts the horse and comes to the city.
as-, asyati (IV): to throw
kup-, kupyati (IV): to be angry (with Gen. or Dat.)
krudh-, krudhyati (IV): to be angry (with Gen. or Dat.)
a+gam-, agacchati (I): to come
tr-, tarati (I): to cross over
naw-, nawyati (IV): to be lost, to perish
drw-, pawyati (IV): to see, to look
yudh-, yudhyati (IV): to fight
a+ruh-, arohati (I): to ascend, to mount
likh-, likhati (VI): to write
lubh-, lubhyati (IV): to long for, to desire (with Dat. or Loc.)
wus-, wusyati (IV): to dry out
snih-, snihyati (IV): to like (with Gen. or Loc.)
hu-, hvayati (IV): to call
a+hu-, ahvayati (IV): to call here, to call in
udadhi-, m.: ocean
guru-, m.: teacher, guru
pattra-, n.: leaf, letter
parawu-, m.: axe
pada-, m.: foot, footprint
bahu-, m.: arm
bindu-, m.: drop
mani-, m.: gem, precious stone
ratna-, n.: jewel, precious stone
rawi-, m.: heap, mass, quantity
ripu-, m.: enemy
visnu-, m.: Hindu god Vishnu
vihaga-, m.: bird
watru-, m.: enemy
wastra-, n.: treatise, law-book
wisya-, m.: student, pupil
saha, prep. or postp.: with (with Inst.)