第 十 章
 
未來式動詞 (Future Tense)

屬格的用法 (Genitive Case)

獨立屬格結構 (Genitive Absolute)

 

 

 

壹‧未來式動詞 (Future Tense)

１．未來式的構成

 

 

(或強化字根) (未來式接尾詞)

現在式語基 + issa 或 essa (7th) + 現在式動詞語尾 ( ti等)

<未來式語基>

 

２．示例：

 

               gam                    > gam-issa-ti                他將去 (he will go)

               bhū                > bhav-issa-ti               他將是、將有 (he will be, there will

                                                                              be)

               labh                    > labh-issa-ti                他將獲得 (he will get)

               saṁ-vi-bhaj        > saṁvibhaj-issa-ti       他將分與 (he will share)

               dis                      > des-essa-ti                他將開示 (he will teach)

 

 

【注】：as 及其它表示 'to be' 的動詞很少用自已的未來式，而均以

bhavissati 代之。

 

３．未來式動詞語尾

 

 

 

 

< labh >

sg.

pl.

 

3rd.

labh-issa-ti

(他將獲得)

labh-issa-nti

(他們將獲得)

 

2nd.

labh-issa-si

(你將獲得)

labh-issa-tha

(你們將獲得)

 

1st.

labh-issā-mi

labh-issa-ṁ

(我將獲得)

labh-issā-ma

(我們將獲得)

 

※ 除「第一人稱單數」多一個語尾 -ṁ 外，其餘與現在式完全一樣。

 

４．未來式的「意義」及「用例」：

 

(0) 表示未來動作。

 

 

‧' Na tāva Bhagavā parinibbāyissati, na yāva Bhagavā bhikkhu-saṁghaṁ

arabbha kiñcid eva udāharatîti. ' = （阿難想：）「世尊將不會般

涅槃，除非世尊做了某些關於比丘眾的（最後）教示。」 (The

Blessed One will not attain final Nibbāna until he has made some sta-

tement about the order of bhikkhus.) (D.II.p.99.末3行,大般涅槃經)

(1) 表達「可能(probable)、假設(hypothetical)、決定(decision,1st.

person)」等。

 

 

‧' Sacâhaṁ bho rajjaṁ labhissāmi, saṁvibhajissāmi vo rajjenāti.' = 「好

友們！如果我獲得王位，我會將王國分與諸位。」 (" If, gentle-

men, I gain the kingship,I will share it with you.") (D.II.p.233.末2行,

大典尊經)

‧'Satta vo bhikkhave aparihāniye dhamme desessāmi,taṁ suṇātha sādhukaṁ

manasikarotha, bhāsissāmîti ' = 「諸比丘！我將為你們宣說七不退

法，仔細聽，好好思惟！我就要說了。」 ( ' Bhikkhus, I will teach

you seven things that are conducive to welfare. Listen, pay careful atten-

tion, I will speak.') (D.II.p.76.L27-28,大般涅槃經)

(2) 表達「自然律(law of nature)、習慣(habit)」(終會、必會)，此時語

氣比用現在式表達「永恆真理(eternal truth)」時還強。

 

 

‧' Dhir atthu kira bho jāti nāma, yatra hi nāma jātassa jarā paññāyissatîti. '

= 「賢友！『生』這事 實在可厭！－－既然生者都必將衰老！」

( ' Shame on this thing birth, since to him who is born old age must

manifest itself !') (D.II.p.22.L20-21,大本經)

 

(3) 其它：還可用來表達「困惑、訝異」（「怎麼會 ... 呢？！」）或

「遺憾、非難」（「怎麼 ...？」、「竟然 ...！」）等情感

性的語氣。(常配合 Kathaṁ hi nāma = 怎麼、竟然)

 

 

⊙ 表達「困惑、訝異」

 

 

‧' Kathaṁ hi nāma tāva mahato bhikkhu-saṁghassa aḍḍha-teḷasānaṁ

bhikkhu-satānaṁ n' eva khipita-saddo bhavissati na ukkāsita-saddo na

nigghoso ti.' = 「一千二百五十位比丘這樣大的比丘團體，怎麼

會沒有一點咳嗽聲、清喉嚨聲、或任何其他聲音？！」 ( ' How

is it that from this great number of twelve hundred and fifty bhikkhus

not a sneeze, a cough or a shout is to be heard ') (注：nigghosa <

ni(r)-ghosa = 出-聲 (shouting out)，即任何發出的聲音。) (D.I.

p.50.L5-7,沙門果經)

 

⊙ 表達「遺憾、非難」

 

‧  Tassa mayhaṁ bhante etad ahosi : " Ayaṁ ca imesaṁ samaṇa-brāhma-

ṇānaṁ sabba-bālo sabba-mūḷho. Kathaṁ hi nāma sandiṭṭhikaṁ

sāmaññaphalaṁ puṭṭho samāno vikkhepaṁ byākarissatīti " = 大

德！我這麼想：「他是這些沙門、婆羅門當中最愚昧、最迷惑的

！當他被問及現世的沙門果報時，怎麼竟答以混亂（令人困惑）

之說？！」 (And I thought : " Of all these ascetics and Brahmins, he

is the most stupid and confused. For how could (will) he reply by evasion

on being asked about the fruits of the homeless life " ) (注：(1) 此

處 Ayaṁ 指六師外道中的 Sañjaya Belaṭṭhi-putta 「散若耶毘羅提

子」，是詭辯論者，對所有論題不做決定。 (2) mūḷha < muh義為

「錯亂、迷惑」，即頭腦不清楚。(3) vikkhepa 義為「混淆、錯亂

」，此類論者通常被稱為 amarā-vikkhepika 即「如鰻魚般滑動不定

，令人難以捉摸而徒增疑惑的「詭辯論者」。) (D.I.p.59.L14-18,

沙門果經)

‧  Atha kho tassa aggikassa jaṭilassa etad ahosi : " Yāva bālo ayaṁ dārako

abyatto. Kathaṁ hi nāma ayoniso aggiṁ gavesissatîti " = 當時，那

結髮的事火外道這麼想：「這孩子多麼笨、多麼不能幹啊！怎麼用

這樣不正確的方法取火？！」 (Then the jaṭila thought : " How stupid

this boy is, how senseless ! What a thoughtless way to try to get a fire ! ")

(注：a-yoniso, ad. 不如理、不正確、不聰明。) (D.II.p.341.L25-

27,弊宿經)

 

５．除「簡單、主動態」動詞外，其它動詞的未來式：

 

(1)  被動態的未來式：

 

 

 

如： han > hañña-ti > haññ-issa-ti 他將被殺 (he will be

killed)

pa-hā > pahīya-ti > pahīy-issa-ti 它將被斷捨 (it will be

given up)

dā > dīya-ti > dīy-issa-ti 他將被給予 (he will be

given)

 

(2) 此外還有「使役未來」、「使役被動未來」等，如：

 

 

‧dā > dāpeti > dāpessati / dāpayissati = 他將令施 (he will cause to

give) (使役未來)

‧dā > dāpīyati / dāpiyati > dāpiyissati = 他將被令施 (he will be caused

to give) (使役被動未來)

貳‧屬格的用法 (Genitive Case)

０．屬格的語尾變化：（此處以-a為例，其餘請參見以下「一覽表」）

 

單數 複數

                 buddha            m. 佛         > buddh-assa             buddh-ānaṁ

                                                            

                 phala               n. 果          > phal-assa                phal-ānaṁ

                                                            

                 kaññā           f. 少女       > kaññ-āya                kaññ-ānaṁ

 

★     注：一般而言屬格的語尾變化與「為格(Dative)」同形，二者不易分辨。

 

判別法 F 「屬格」表示「名詞與名詞」之關係，「為格」則表示

「名詞與動詞」之關係。

 

１．屬格的一般意義：

 

 

(1) 表達某人、事(學說、主張)、物的「所有者(Possessor)」。即「所

有者」與「所有物」的關係，如：他們是「Reṇu王子的」(Gen.)

朋友。

 

(2) 表達某「部份(part)」的「全體(whole)」。即「全體」與「部份」

的關係，如：這是「Reṇu 王子的」(Gen.) 手。

 

２．屬格的特點：

 

 

屬格表示「名詞與名詞」間之關係，其它格(除呼格外)則表示「名詞與

動詞」間之關係。

 

３．屬格的基本用法：

 

 

(1) 直接置於名詞前，表達該名詞之「所有者(Possessor)」。

 

‧rañño thūpo = 國王的塔 (a king's monument)

(2) 表達「A有B」 F「A (Gen.) + B (Nom.) + be動詞 (hū)」(A的
B存在，注意：動詞配合B而非A)。

 

‧rañño putto hoti = 國王有個兒子 (The king has a son)

 

 

(3) 幾個慣用句型：

 

 

A. 表達「某人有...想法」：(Gen. + be動詞)

 

‧tassa evaṁ hoti ... = 他有這樣的想法/他這麼想 (of him thus it is

/ he has this thought) (或idaṁ assa hoti …= 他有這個想法 ……)

(用例請參前面「未來式的意義及用例」(3) 表達「遺憾、非難」)

 

 

B. 表達「經過...的時間」：

 

‧sattāhassa accayena ... pabbajissāma = 七天後 ... 我們將出家 (

after a week ... we will go forth)

‧mama accayena = 在我死後 (after me / after I have passed away /

after my death)

 

４．屬格的引伸用法：

 

 

(1) 作「分詞(即名詞性動作)」的作者(Agent)或受者(Patient)。

 

 

A. 作為「動作作者」的屬格 (Agent-Genitive / Subjective Genitive)

，功用等於「具格」(Instrumental)。

 

‧Bhavaṁ hi Soṇadaṇḍo brāhmaṇassa Pokkharasādissa sakkato garu-

kato mānito pūjito apacito. = 因為種德尊者為沸伽羅娑帝婆羅

門 所恭敬、尊重、敬愛、崇敬、尊崇。 (For the Reverend

Soṇadaṇḍa is esteemed, made much of, honoured, revered, wor-

shipped by the Brahmin Pokkharasādi) (D.I.p.114.L18-19,種德經)

‧Yesaṁ bhikkhave bhikkhūnaṁ devā Tāvatiṁsā adiṭṭhā,oloketha bhi-

kkhave Licchavi-parisaṁ. = 諸比丘！凡是未曾見過三十三天

眾的比丘們，諸比丘！你們就看看離車眾吧！ (Bhikkhus, any

of you who have not seen the Thirty-Three gods, just look at this

troop of Licchavis !) (D.II.p.96.倒1-2行,大般涅槃經)

‧... tassa câyaṁ sīla-sampadā citta-sampadā paññā-sampadā abhāvitā

hoti asacchikatā, atha kho so ārakā va sāmaññā, ārakā va brah-

maññā. = ... 而他（卻）未能於「戒之圓滿(具足)、心（定）之

圓滿、慧之圓滿」修習、作證。那麼，他實在距沙門法很遠，

距婆羅門法很遠！ (... but if his morality,his heart and his wisdom

are not developed and brought to realization, then indeed he is still far

from being an ascetic or a Brahmin.) (注：sāmaññaṁ 為 samaṇa

之抽象化，意謂「沙門法、沙門性、沙門位」，即「沙門的狀

態、沙門之為沙門的內涵」，指具足戒、定、慧。) (D.I.p.167.

L16-19,迦葉師子吼經)

‧Yo hi koci bhikkhave ime cattāro satipaṭṭhāne evaṁ bhāveyya satta-

vassāni, tassa dvinnaṁ phalānaṁ aññataraṁ phalaṁ pāṭikaṅkhaṁ,

diṭṭhe va dhamme aññā sati vā upādisese anāgāmitā. = 諸比丘！

任何人若能這樣修習此四念處七年，他將可預期二果之一：或

者現法證悟；或者如果還有執取殘餘，則為不還果。 (Bhikkhus,

if anyone should develop these four foundations of mindfulness in

such a way for seven years,one of two fruits could be expected for

(by) him : either final knowledge here and now, or if there is a trace

of clinging left,non-return.) (注：aññā 證悟，此處指四果阿羅

漢；anāgāmitā 即三果阿那含。) (D.II.p.314.L11-14,大念處經)

 

B. 作為「動作受者」的屬格 (Patient-Genitive/Objective Genitive)

，功用等於「對格」(Accusative)。

 

 

‧Cīvaraṁ paṭisevati, yāvad - eva sītassa paṭighātāya uṇhassa paṭighā-

tāya, ... n' eva madāya na maṇḍanāya, yāvad - eva ... vihiṁsūpara-

tiyā brahmacariyānuggahāya. = 受用衣服只是為了驅除寒冷、遮

止炎熱，... 並非為了憍慢、為了裝飾，而只是要 ... 止息惱害、

資益梵行。 (Use a robe simply for warding off the cold,for warding

off the heat, ...not for indulgence, not for personal charm, but just for

... keeping it unharmed, for furthering the Brahma-faring.) (M.I.p.

10.L5-11,一切漏經)

‧Ahan tena samayena purohito brāhmaṇo ahosiṁ tassa yaññassa yājetā.

= 我當時是主司那次祭祀的國師婆羅門。 (或：我當時是國師

婆羅門，是那次祭祀的司祭者。) (At that time I was the high

priest who performed that sacrifice (Gen.). ) (注：purohito「國師

婆羅門」，是婆羅門之最上位者，負責佐理國政，並主掌宗教

上的事務，如祭祀等。) (D.I.p.143.L26-27,究羅檀頭經)

 

(2) 可代替具格，表達「充滿(full of)、具有」之義。

 

 

‧Atha kho taṁ Ānanda gahapati-ratanaṁ ubhohi hatthehi udakaṁ omasitvā

pūraṁ hirañña-suvaṇṇassa kumbhiṁ uddharitvā rājānaṁ Mahā-Sudassa-

naṁ etad avoca : " Alaṁ ettāvatā mahārāja, katam ettāvatā mahārājâti

" = 阿難！當時這位居士寶便以雙手觸（入）水，而後取出滿瓶

金幣，對大善見王說：「大王！這樣足夠嗎？這樣可以嗎？」 (Then,

Ānanda, the householder touched the water with both hands and drew

out a pot full of gold coins,saying : " Is that enough,great king Will that

do ,great king ") (注：pūraṁ hirañña-suvaṇṇassa kumbhiṁ直譯「

充滿金幣的瓶子」。ettāvatā 程度詞，意為「這樣（多）」，so far,

to that extent) (D.II.p.176.L22-26,大善見王經)

‧Puna ca paraṁ bhikkhave bhikkhu imam eva kāyaṁ uddhaṁ pādatalā

adho kesa-matthakā taca-pariyantaṁ pūraṁ nānappakārassa asucino

paccavekkhati. = 再者，諸比丘！比丘省察這個身體－－從腳底

以上、頭頂（頭髮）以下、為皮膚所週匝環覆－－充滿種種不淨

。 (Again,monks,a monk reviews this very body from the soles of the

feet upwards and from the scalp downwards,enclosed by the skin and

full of manifold impurities.) (D.II.p.293.L10-12,大念處經)

 

(3) 常與表示「方位」的不變化詞連用，表達「在A的(Gen.) 前、後、

中間、北方...等」。

 

 

‧me piṭṭhito = 在我後面 (behind me)

 

‧sattannaṁ ... kāyānam antarena = 在七種元素之間 (between the

seven bodies -- atomic particles)

 

‧me purato = 在我前面 (in front of me)

 

‧uttaraṁ nagarassa = 城北 (north of the city)

 

 

參‧獨立屬格結構 (Genitive Absolute)

１．使用時機：

 

當一個句子含有兩個(或兩個以上的)動作(action)，且這兩個(或兩個以

上的)動作分屬「不同作者(agent)」，此時，各組「作者─動作」便以

「獨立結構」為之。獨立結構有「獨立屬格結構」、「獨立處格結構」、

「獨立具格結構」等，以下先介紹獨立屬格結構。

 

２．獨立屬格結構的一般「句型」：

 

 

A1 ... V1 , A2 … V2 , B ... V

Gen. pp./ppr.Gen. (同前) Nom. 主要動作

 

‧「A1-V1」、「A2-V2」為分詞子句，「B-V」為主要子句。

‧分詞子句之主詞A1、A2用「名詞的屬格」，主要子句之主詞B則用

主格。

‧分詞子句之動詞V1、V2用「分詞的屬格」，主要子句之動詞V則用

「一般動詞」，人稱、數與B配合。

‧此處屬格不表「所屬關係」，而是用來表達「獨立句構」。

 

３．「意義」與「例句」：

 

(1) 表達「當 A1做V1，A2做V2時，B做V」。

 

‧evaṁ purohitassa vadamānassa, rājā pakkāmi = 當國師這麼說時，國

王走開了。 (When the high priest said thus, the king went away)

 

 

(2) 表達「即使/僅管 A1做V1，A2做V2，B仍然做V」。

 

‧mātāpitunnaṁ rudantānaṁ, rājaputto pabbajito = 儘管父母傷心，王

子還是出家了。 (Although his parents were weeping, the prince went

forth) (mātar, f.母; pitar, m.父)

 

 

 

 

附：

屬格 語尾變化 一覽

 

(1) 母音結尾的語尾變化：

 

單數 複數

 

                 buddha            m. 佛         > buddh-assa             buddh-ānaṁ

                 aggi                 m. 火         > agg-ino                   agg-īnaṁ

                                                            agg-issa

                 bhikkhu           m. 比丘     > bhikkh-uno             bhikkh-ūnaṁ

                                                            bhikkh-ussa

                 ----------------------------

                 phala               n. 果          > phal-assa                phal-ānaṁ         同

                 akkhi               n. 眼          > akkh-ino                 akkh-īnaṁ

                                                            akkh-issa                                             男

                 assu                 n. 淚          > ass-uno                   ass-ūnaṁ

                                                            ass-ussa                                               性

                 ==================

                 kaññā           f. 少女       > kaññ-āya                kaññ-ānaṁ

                 jāti                   f. 生           > jāt-iyā                jāt-īnaṁ

                 nadī             f. 河           > nad-iyā               nad-īnaṁ

                 dhenu              f. 牡牛       > dhen-uyā             dhen-ūnaṁ

                 jambū           f. 閻浮樹   > jamb-uyā             jamb-ūnaṁ

 

 

(2) 子音結尾的語尾變化：

 

單數 複數

 

                 attan                m. 自我     > attan-o                    attan-aṁ

                                                            att-assa                    att-ānaṁ

                 rājan                m. 王         > rājin-o                    raññ-aṁ

                                                            raññ-o

                                                            rāj-assa                    rāj-ānaṁ

                                                            raññ-assa                 rāj-ūnaṁ

                 kamman           n. 業          > kammun-o *

                                                            kamm-assa               kamm-ānaṁ

                 ----------------------------

                 bhagavant        m. 世尊     > bhagavat-o              bhagavat-aṁ

                                                            bhagavant-assa         bhagavant-ānaṁ

                 gacchant          m. 去         > gacchat-o                gacchat-aṁ

                  (ppr.)                               gacchant-assa           gacchant-ānaṁ

                 ----------------------------

                 hatthin              m. 象         > hatthin-o

                                                            hatth-issa                  hatth-īnaṁ

                 gāmin              n. 導者      > gāmin-o

                                                            gām-issa                  gām-īnaṁ

                 ----------------------------

                 vacas               n. 語          > vacas-o

                                                            vac-assa                   vac-ānaṁ

                 ----------------------------

             āyus                n. 壽          > āy-uno *                 āyus-aṁ

                                                āy-ussa                    āy-ūnaṁ

                 ----------------------------

                 pitar                 m. 父         > pit-u *                     pit-ūnaṁ

                                                            pit-uno                     pit-unnaṁ

                                                            pit-ussa                    pit-ānaṁ

                                                                                            pitar-ānaṁ

                 mātar               f 母            > māt-u *                   māt-ūnaṁ

                                                            māt-uyā               māt-unnaṁ

                                                                                            māt-ānaṁ

                                                                                            mātar-ānaṁ

 

(3) 代名詞類的語尾變化：

 

單數 複數

 

                 ta(d)                m.n. 彼      > t-assa                      t-esaṁ    (-esānaṁ)

                                                            n-assa                      n-esaṁ    (-esānaṁ)

單數 複數

                 eta(d)              m.n. 此      > et-assa                    et-esaṁ   (-esānaṁ)

                 ima(ṁ)             m.n. 此      > im-assa                   im-esaṁ  (-esānaṁ)

                                                            assa                         esaṁ      (esanaṁ)

                 ka                    m.n. 何      > k-assa                     k-esaṁ   (-esānaṁ)

                                                            k-issa *

                 ka-ci                m.n. 某      > kassa-ci                  kesañ-ci   (kesānañ-ci)

                                                            kissa-ci *

                 ya(d)               m.n. 其      > y-assa                     y-esaṁ    (-esānaṁ)

                 sabba              m.n. 一切  > sabb-assa               sabb-esaṁ (-esānaṁ)

                 amu                 m.n. 此      > am-ussa                  am-ūsaṁ (-ūsānaṁ)

                                                            ad-ussa *

                 ----------------------------

                 ta(d)                f. 彼           > t-āya                       t-āsaṁ    (-āsānaṁ)

                                                            n-āya

                                                            t-assā(ya)

                                                            t-issā(ya) *

                 eta(d)              f. 此           > et-āya                     et-āsaṁ   (-āsānaṁ)

                                                            et-assā(ya)

                                                            et-issā *

                 ima(ṁ)             f. 此           > im-āya                    im-āsaṁ  (-āsānaṁ)

                                                            im-issā(ya) *           

                                                            assā(ya)                   āsaṁ

                 ka                    f. 何           > k-āya                      k-āsaṁ   (-āsānaṁ)

                                                            k-assā

                 ka-ci                f. 某           > kāya-ci                   kāsañ-ci   (kāsānañ-ci)

                                                            kassā-ci

                 ya(d)               f. 其           > y-āya                      y-āsaṁ   (-āsānaṁ)

                                                            y-assā

                 sabba              f. 一切       > sabb-āya                sabb-āsaṁ (-āsānaṁ)

                                                            sabb-assā

                 amu                 f. 此           > am-uyā               am-ūsaṁ (-ūsānaṁ)

                                                            am-ussā

                 ==================

                 ahaṁ            我             > m-ama (me)            amh-ākaṁ (no)

                                                            m-amaṁ               asm-ākaṁ

                                                            m-ayhaṁ             

                                                            amhaṁ                 amh-aṁ

                 tvaṁ             你             > t-ava (te)                 tumh-ākaṁ (vo)

                                                            t-avaṁ                

                                                            t-uyhaṁ

                                                            t-umhaṁ tumh-aṁ

v