複合詞總說 (Compounds)

依主釋 (Tappurisa Compounds)

使役動詞 (Causative Conjugation)

 

 

 

壹‧複合詞總說 (Compounds)

1.複合詞的構成

 

 

(1) 構成成員的詞類:

 

在巴利語中常會由多個「名詞」(包括「分詞、形容詞、代名詞」,

另外也可能含「接頭詞、不變化詞」) 結合成一個單詞,稱為「複

合詞」。

 

 

(2) 構成方式:

 

直接將所有語詞接在一起即可。注意:前面N-1個成員均採「語

基」形式,最後成員N才會依整個複合詞在句中的文法作用而取

適當的語尾變化。

 

 

成員1

成員2

成員3

.....

成員N

語基 語基 語基 語尾有變化

 

 

Sabbadhammamūlapariyāya = Sabba-dhamma-mūla-pariyāya

一切 根本 法門、教說

 

】:1. 某些字形成複合詞時會有語形變化,如 -ant > -at (弱語基)

-an > -a (去掉-n)。因此在複合詞中 arahant > arahat

rājan > rāja

 

2. 因為前面的成員均以「語基」形式出現,故其「數、格」

須依整個複合詞及前後文來決定。

 

2.複合詞的「文法作用」與「詞義」

 

(1) 文法作用:

 

整個複合詞在文法上視為一個單詞,一般作「名詞、形容詞」,

也有作「副詞」的。

 

(2) 詞義:整個複合詞的詞義即「所有成員的詞義組合」。

 

 

Sabba-dhamma-mūla-pariyāya vo bhikkhave desessāmi. = 諸比丘!

我將教導你們「關於『一切法存在之根本』這項教說」。( I will

teach you, monks, the synopsis of the fundamentals of all things.)

 

3.複合詞的「分類」

 

複合詞依 (a) 其本身成員間之關係,及 (b) 整個複合詞與句子中其它

語詞之關係,共可分成以下六種 (即所謂的「六離合釋」)

 

 

名 稱

示 例

組 成 成 份

作用

(1)    (1) 依主釋

(2)    (Tappurisa)

-, -

名詞 + 名詞

名詞

(3)    (2) 持業釋

(4)    (Kammadhāraya)

-, -蓮花

國師-婆羅門

形容詞 + 名詞

名詞 + 名詞

名詞

(5)    (3) 相違釋

(6)    (Dvanda)

---

並列的名詞

名詞

(7)    (4) 有財釋

(8)    (Bahubbīhi)

()-被砍斷的()

名詞、形容詞、

不變詞、接頭詞

形容詞

(9)    (5) 鄰近釋

(Avyayībhāva)

-, -

-

不變詞 + 名詞

接頭詞 + 名詞

副詞

(1)    (6) 帶數釋

(2)    (Digu)

-, -

數詞 + 名詞

名詞

 

貳‧依主釋 (Tappurisa Compounds)

1.構成:

 

如前述,由<成員1> <成員2> <成員3> ... <成員N> 字字相接即可。

 

 

2.作用:整個依主釋作「名詞」用。

 

 

3.成員間之關係:

 

 

(1) 最後一個成員,即 <成員N>,為整個依主釋的「重點字」(Domi-

nating member),其「性別」(Gender)即為整個依主釋的性別;而

前面 N-1個成員則共同修飾它,此所謂「依釋」。

 

 

(2) 成員間可以解釋成任何「格」的關係(通常呼格除外),「屬格」是

最常用的解釋(因為屬格正是用來表達「名詞間」的關係)

 

 

(3) 當最後一個成員為「動作性名詞(Action Noun)」時,則前面的成員

常解釋為屬格以外的其它格(因其他格表示「名詞與動詞」的關係)

 

 

(4) 前面 N-1 個成員的「數」(單數或複數)須依文義決定。

 

 

(5) 以下為依主釋中,前一成員對後一成員七種可能的「格釋」(Case

Relations) (即,呼格之外的七種格)

 

 

主格(同格)關係 (Nom.)

 

prohitabrāhmao = brāhmao prohito = 身為國師的婆羅們 (the

priest who is a high priest)

dīghamaggo = dīgho maggo = 長路 (long road)

對格關係(Acc.)

 

dhanadātā = dhana dātā = 布施財物者 (money-giver, the person

who gives money) (亦可作 dhanassa dātā,以屬格作受詞)

具格關係(Ins.)

 

buddhadesita = buddhena desita = 佛所教示的內容 (what was

taught (ie,teaching) by buddha) (亦可作buddhassa desita

屬格作主詞)

aggipāko = agginā pāko = 用火煮 (cooking by fire)

為格關係(Dat.)

 

buddhadeyya = buddhassa deyya = 給予佛陀的布施 (the gift

for buddha)

從格關係 (Abl.)

 

gajabhaya = gajā (gajato) bhaya = 對於(源於)大象的恐懼 (fear

of elephant)

duccaritavirati = duccaritato virati = 離於惡行 (abstinence from

bad action)

屬格關係(Gen.)

 

brāhmaaparisā = brāhmaṇāna parisā = 婆羅門的眾會 (an assem-

bly of priests)

rājaputto = rañño putto = 王子(國王之子) (son of a king)

buddhavacana = buddhassa vacana = 佛語(佛陀的教言) (words

of buddha)

處格關係(Loc.)

 

gāmavāsī = gāme vāsī = 住在村裡的人 (one who lives in the viliage)

vanapupphāni = vane pupphāni = 森林裡的花 (flowers in the forest)

 

】:以上七種修飾關係中,Nom.(同格修飾)關係特別稱為「持業釋」

(Kammadhāraya)。因此「持業釋」可說是「依主釋」(Tappurisa)

的一個特別情形。

4.依主釋成員間結構自由,數目不限。

 

kūṭāgārasālā = kūṭena agārassa sālā = 重閣講堂 (具有樓閣的房子的講堂)

(hall of the house with a gable)

 

 

參‧使役動詞 (Causative Conjugation)

1.使役動詞的構成

 

 

類似第七類動詞 使役式接尾詞

(接頭詞 +) (強化的)字根 + [ (ā)p ] + e (or aya) + 動詞語尾 (ti)

e,aya; pe,paya; āpe,āpaya

 

2.使役動詞之現在式動詞語尾

 

 

< bhū >

sg.

pl.

 

3rd.

bhāv-e-ti

(修習)

bhāv-e-nti

(他們修習)

 

2nd.

bhāv-e-si

(修習)

bhāv-e-tha

(你們修習)

 

1st.

bhāv-e-mi

(修習)

bhāv-e-ma

(我們修習)

 

 

3.使役動詞示例

 

            kapp                 > kappāpeti            他令()準備 (he causes to be got ready,

                                                                   he has put in order) (kappeti, 7th,準備)

 

 

            kar                   > 1. Kāreti             他令運作、他統治 (he causes to work, he

                                                                   rules)

                                    > 2. kārāpeti          他令人做、令人建造 (he causes to make, he

                                                                    has built)

            chid                  > chedāpeti            他令斷 (he causes to cut)

            jan                    > janeti                   他令生、他生起 [及物] (he causes to be

                                                                   born, he produces) [janati則為不及物]

            (j)jhe                > jhāpeti                 他令燃、荼毘 (he causes to burn, he sets

                                                                   fir to) (Skt. kṣā, burn)

            ()hā             > hapeti /               他令立、建立,他令持續 (he causes to

                              hapayati               stand, he erects, he causes to remain)

            ni-pat                > nipāteti                他令落、令倒、害 (he causes to fall down,

                                                                   he drops, he puts down)

            pā                > pāyeti                  他令喝 (he causes to drink)

            bhū               > bhāveti                他令成為、他修習 (he causes to become,

                                                                   he develops)

         ā-mant              > āmantāpeti          他令()召喚 (he causes to be addressed,

                                                                   he has invited) (7th, āmanteti)

            muc                  > muñcāpeti           (令人)釋放(牛、羊等) (he causes to be

                                                                  free, he sets free)

            pai-yat             > paiyādāpeti        他令()準備 (he causes to be prepared)

                                                                   (t > d不規則)

            yā                > yāpeti                  他令()[及物](身體)持續運行、活

                                                                   [不及物] (he causes to go, he keeps

                                                                   going)

            yuj                    > yojāpeti               他令()上軛 (he causes (carriage) to be

                                                                   yoked) (yuj為第七類動詞,yojeti他上

                                                                   he yokes)

         ā-ruc                > ārocāpeti             他令()宣告 (he causes to be announced)

            ruh                    > 1. ropeti              他令生長、他種植 (he causes to grow, he

                                                                   plants) (注:字根ruh掉了h)

                                    > 2. ropāpeti          他令令成長、他令()種植 (he causes to

                                                                   cause to grow, he has st. planted) (注:此

                                                                   字為「雙重使役」)

 

 

         ā-ruh                > āropeti                他令登上、他置於...上,他給予(教訓

                                                                   ovādam),他駁斥、論破 (he causes

                                                                   to mount, he puts on top of, he tells, he

                                                                   disproves)

            (p)pa-vatt         > pavatteti              他令轉動、他轉動(法輪) [及物] (he causes

                                                                   to go, he sets going) [pavattati則為不及

                                                                   物,「轉動」go forward, proceed]

            ni(r)-vā          > nibbāpeti             他令熄滅,他熄滅(火燄) (he causes to be

                                                                   extinct, he extinguishes (e.g.fire) ) (注:

                                                                   vā = ’to blow’,也有認為此字字根

                                                                   v= ‘to cover’。又,nibbāti

                                                                   不及物,「變涼」’to get cool’ )

            (p)pa-vid          > pavedeti              他令知、他宣說 (he makes known, he

                                                                   declares)

            (p)pa-vis           > paveseti               他令入、允許進入、帶入 (he causes to

                                                                   enter, he allows to enter, he brings in)

            (p)pa-(v)vaj      > pabbājeti             他令出家(接受/度某人出家),他驅逐 (

                                                                   he causes to go forth, he banishes)

            ni-sīd                > nisīdāpeti            他令坐 (he causes to sit down)

            (s)su                 > sāveti                  他令聽聞、他自報(名字) (he causes to

                                                                   hear)

            pari-sudh          > parisodheti           他令清淨、他淨化 (he causes to become

                                                                   pure) (parisujjhati則為不及物動詞,「

                                                                   變清淨」to become pure)

 

4.使役式的意義:

 

(1) 一般而言表達「使役」的意思,即「令某人做該字字根的動作」(to

cause sb. to do the action of the root),或「使某事物被(某人所)

(to have st. done (by sb.))

 

(2) 有許多使役式已經轉為一般動詞,具有自己慣用的特定意思,不能

依「字根的使役義」去解釋,如 vāceti = 他讀誦 (he recites) < vac

(to speak) ; vādeti = 他演奏(he plays) < vad (to say)

 

5.使役式的混淆情形:

 

 

由於「使役式」與「第七類動詞」同形,因此在動詞的歸類上常不易

決定(這正如「被動動詞」與「第三類動詞」混淆的情況一樣),許多文法學

家意見都不一致。例如dhāreti < dhar (穿著、持)paññāpeti < (p)pa-
(
ñ)ñap ((ñ)ñā) (施設),有的歸入第七類動詞,有的則視為使役式。

 

 

6.使役式的用法:

 

(1) 句型:使役動詞比一般動詞「多帶一個受詞」。

 

 

句型比較

《原動詞》

《使役動詞》

不及物動詞

 

<句型例>

bhavati0受詞】

C

(There is C )

(Nom.)

bhāveti1受詞】

A 修習 C

(A develops C)

(Nom.) (Acc.)

及物動詞1

 

<句型例>

pavisati1受詞】

A 進入C

(A enters C)

(Nom.) (Acc.)

paveseti2受詞】

A B 進入 C

(A causes B to enter C)

(Nom.) (Acc./Ins.) (Acc.)

及物動詞2

 

<句型例>

nayati2受詞】

A C D

(A takes C to D)

(Nom.) (Acc.) (Acc.)

nāyeti3受詞】

A B C D

(A causes B to take C to D)

(Nom.) (Acc./Ins.) (Acc.) (Acc.)

 

歸納】:如上示,在使役句中「使役者A」用Nom.,「動作者B(被使役

Agent)Acc. Ins.,「承受者C(Patient)一般為Acc.,但依

不同動詞的慣用法,承受者亦可能採其它格,如Dat. Abl. Loc.等。

 

 

(2) 句型例句:

 

A. 有心 (There is mind.) (0受詞)

 

Atthi citta. (hoti /bhavati)

 

B. 比丘們修習其心 (1受詞)

(The bhikkhus develop their mind.)

 

Bhikkhū tesa cittāni (citta) bhāventi.

 

A. 比丘入城 (1受詞)

(The bhikkhu enters the city.)

 

Bhikkhu nagara pavisati.

 

B. 世尊令比丘們入城 (2受詞)

(The Fortunate-one causes the bhikkhus to enter the city.)

 

Bhagavā bhikkhū (bhikkhūhi) nagara paveseti.

 

A. 此人帶著羊到村裡 (2受詞)

(The person carries a goat to the village.)

 

Puriso gāma aja nayati (neti).

 

B. 眾婆羅門令此人帶著羊(複數)到村裡 (3受詞)

(The brahmanas cause the person to carry goats to a village.)

 

Brāhmaṇā purisa (purisena) gāma aje nāyenti.

 

7.使役動詞的其他變化

 

與其他動詞一樣,使役動詞有各種不同的「時態、語氣、分詞」等變

化,如:

 

(1) 命令式:

 

                 kappāpehi             ()令人準備! ((you) cause (sb.) to arrange ! )

                 kappāpetu            請他(如:朋友sahāyo)令人準備! (let him (eg.

                                              friend) cause (sb.) to arrange ! )

 

(2) 過去式:

 

                 kārāpesi               他那時令人建造 (he has it built, he causes somebody to

                                              construct)

                 hapesu           他們那時建立 /他們那時擱置 (they caused to stand,

                                              they erected; they left st. aside)

 

(3) 未來式:

 

                 kāressati               他將令作 (he will cause (s.b.) to make; he will rule)

                 bhāvessati             他將修習 (he will develop)

 

(4) 被動式:

 

                 kāriyati                 他被令作 (he is caused to make)

                 māriyati                 他被殺 /他被令死 (he is caused to die, he is killed)

 

(5) 現在分詞:

 

                 kārento(m.s.N.) /  當他令人作時 (causing (s.b) to make)

                 kārayato(m.s.G.)

 

(6) 過去分詞:

 

                 kārita                    /被令作 ( (be /have) caused to make)

                 kārāpita                /被令建造 ( (be /have) caused to build / construct)

 

(7) 連續體:

 

                 kārāpetvā          令人建造之後 (having caused (s.b.) to build)

                                              

 

注意】:使役動詞及其衍生詞在實際使用上常有各別的慣用意思,須

多查字典,不能機械式地按文法做「理論上」的語意推演。

 

 

 

 

8‧經文例句

 

' Tena hi samma Jīvaka hatthi-yānāni kappāpehîti.' = 「那麼,親愛的耆婆!

請人準備象車!」 (' Then my dear, Jīvaka, have the riding-elephants

made ready.') (D.I.p.49.L22,沙門果經)

Addasā kho bhikkhave Bandhumā rājā Vipassī-kumāra, disvā nemitte brāh-

mae āmantāpetvā etad avoca : 'Passantu bhonto nemittā brāhmaṇā kumāran

ti.' = 諸比丘!槃頭王(去)看毘婆尸王子,看了之後,便令人召請

相婆羅門,然後(對他們)說:「願諸位可敬的占相婆羅門為王子看看

()吧!」 (Bhikkhus, King Bandhumā looked at the prince and then had the

Brahmins skilled in signs invited, said to them : ' Let the Reverend Brahmins

skilled in signs examine the prince ! ' ) (D.II.p.16.L3-6,大本經)

Ekamanta nisinno kho Raṭṭhapālo kulaputto Bhagavanta etad avoca

: 'Anuññāto aha, bhante, mātāpitūhi agārasmā anagāriya pabbajjāya;

pabbājetu ma Bhagavā ti.' = 坐在一邊之後,善男子賴吒和羅對世尊

說:「大德!我已得父母允許離家出家過非家生活;願世尊度出家!」

(The clansman Raṭṭhapāla sat down at one side and told the Blessed One :

' Venerable sir, I have my parents' permission to go forth from the home life

into homelessness. Let the Blessed One give me the going forth.') (M.II.p.

60.L25-28,賴吒和羅經)

                                                                                                 v