過去分詞 (Past Passive Participle)

-a 結尾的中性名詞 (Neuter Nouns in -a)

具格的基本用法 (Instrumental Case)

 

 

 

壹‧過去(被動)分詞 (Past Passive Participle)

1.過去分詞的「構成」:

 

 

字根

(少數由「現在式語基」)

+

過去分詞接尾詞

-ta, -ita, -na

 

注意:字根末尾的子音遇到 -ta -na 時,常有連音變化。

 

以下是加 -ta,-ita 的例子:

 

(p)pa-(k)kam pakkanta 已離去 (gone away, left) (m + t > n + t)

kar kata 已做,被做 (done) (r省略)

kilam kilanta 疲倦的 (tired) (m + t > n + t)

kup kupita 生氣,發怒 (angry)

gam gata 已往 (gone) (m省略)

adhi-gam adhigata 已到達、已證得、已知 (understood) (

頭詞adhi- 義為「上、增上」,over)

ā-gam āgata 已來 (come)

sa-anu-ā-gam samannāgata 具足、得、學得 (endowed, acquired) (

anu-ā > anv-ā > annāvn同化)

ni-(g)gah niggahīta 被抑止、折服、駁倒 (refuted) ((g)gah

為「捉、執、取」,seize, grasp)

chaḍḍ chaḍḍita 已吐、捨、除 (thrown away, abandoned)

 

(p)pa-(ñ)ñap paññatta 已施設、已備妥 (declared, prepared) (p

t同化)

()hā hita 已立、已住 (stood, stayed) (ā省略或弱化)

sa-tus santuṭṭha 喜足的、滿足的 (contented, satisfied)

( < tus + t > ṭṭh)

dis desita 已教,被教 (taught) ( < diś指、示,point)

(d)dis diṭṭha 已見,被見 (seen) ( < dṛś ) (s + t > ṭṭh)

pucch puṭṭha 已問,被問 (asked) (cch + t > ṭṭh )

bandh baddha 被縛 (bound) (n省略,tdh同化)

bhās bhāsita 已說、被說 (spoken)

bhū bhūta ...、被... (been)

ni(r)-mā nimmita 被創造 (created) (ā省略或弱化)

vi-muc vimutta 已解脫 (freed) (ct同化)

ni-rudh niruddha 已滅,被滅 (stoped, ceased) (tdh同化)

vac vutta 已說、被說、所謂的 (said) (採被動態

vuccati語基vucct同化)

(p)pa-(v)vaj pabbajita 已出家 (gone forth)

sam santa 寂靜的、寂止的 (calmed) (m + t > n + t)

(s)su suta 已聽聞、被聽聞 (heard)

 

2.過去分詞的「語態」:

 

(1) 一般為「被動語態」。

(2) 某些「不及物動詞」及「行動動詞」可表「主動語態」。

 

3.過去分詞的「用法」:

 

(1) 作一般「謂語動詞(Finite Verb)

 

F 屬「名詞性動詞」:動詞的作用、名詞的變化。

 

(a) 作「被動動詞」(表過去或現在完成)

 

'Anuññāto si pana tva, Raṭṭhapāla, mātāpitūhi agārasmā anagāri-

ya pabbajjāyāti ' = 「然而,賴吒和羅!你已得父母允許

家出家過非家生活嗎?」 ('Have you been permitted by your

parents, Raṭṭhapāla, to go forth from the home life into home-

lessness ') (M.II.p.56.L13-14, 賴吒和羅經)

' Na kho aha, bhante, anuññāto mātāpitūhi agārasmā anagāriya

pabbajjāyāti.' = 「大德!我未得父母允許離家出家過非家

生活。」 ( 'No, venerable sir, I have not been permitted by my

parents to go forth from the home life into homelessness.') (M.

II.p.56.L15-16, 賴吒和羅經)

' Na kho, Raṭṭhapāla, Tathāgatā ananuññāta mātāpitūhi

pabbājentīti.' = 「賴吒和羅!諸如來不聽許未得父母同意

出家!」 ( 'Raṭṭhapāla, Tathāgatas do not give the going

forth to anyone who does not have his parents' permission.')

(M.II.p.56.L17-18, 賴吒和羅經)

 

(b) 作「主動動詞」(表過去或現在完成,作「完成式」時可配合

Be動詞)

 

 

Maya gāmam upasakantā (amha). = 我們已到村裡。 (We

have approached the village.)

 

(2) 作「名詞」

 

(a) 某些過去分詞可作「中性、抽象名詞」,如:

 

bhāsita = 言說、所說 (what was spoken,speech)

jīvita = 生命 (life)

 

 

(b) 另有一些則轉為指「人」(...),如:

 

tathāgata = 如來、真理之得證(達至) (Thus-gone)

buddha = 佛陀、覺悟者 (the Enlightened One)

ananuññāta mātāpitūhi = 未得父母同意者 (one who has not

been permitted by his parents)

 

(3) 過去分詞均可作「形容詞」(此時語尾變化依 -a,-a,-ā ;性、數、

格配合所修飾的名詞)

 

kupito khattiyo vadati = 憤怒的剎帝利說 (the angry warrior says)

kilantā rājāputtā eva pucchisu = 疲憊的王子們這麼問 (thus the

tired princes asked)

 

(4) 用於「過去分詞子句」

 

 

So sato va assasati, sato passasati. = 他念而入息,念而出息。 (Ever

mindful, he breathe in; mindful he breathe out.) (注:此處分詞子句

表達與主要子句「同時」的動作,即在他入、出息的「同時」,

他內心清楚、明白、醒覺-- sato 「具念」。另外,va eva

之略語形,用來強調 sato 「內心清清楚楚的」) (M.I.p.56.L14-

15, 念處經)

 

Puna ca para bhikkhave bhikkhu gacchanto vā : gacchāmîti pajānāti,

hito vā : hito 'mhîti pajānāti, nisinno vā : nisinno 'mhîti pajānāti, sayāno

vā : sayāno 'mhîti pajānāti. = 再者,諸比丘!比丘當他走路的時候,

他知道:「我在走路」;或者,當他站立的時候,他知道:「我正

站立」;或者,當他坐著的時候,他知道:「我正坐著」;或者,

當他躺下的時候,他知道:「我正躺下」。 (Again, bhikkhus, when

walking, a bhikkhu understands : ' I am walking ' ; when standing ,he un-

derstands : ' I am standing ' ; when sitting, he understands : ' I am sitting ' ;

when lying down, he understands : ' I am lying down '.) (M.I.p.56.

2-p.57.L1, 念處經)

 

4.整理:過去分詞用作「動詞」的幾種「句型」

 

 

(1) 用於「被動句」(Passive Sentence)

 

 

句型一虛主詞被動式 (Impersonal : It was Ved by A )

 

 

 

by-A it was Ved (被A 做V)

Ins. pp.n.s.Nom.

 

 

eva me suta = 如是我聞 (it was heard by me / thus have I heard)

 

句型二:實主詞被動式 ( B were Ved by A )

 

 

 

B by-A were Ved (BA 做V)

Nom. Ins. pp.性、數、格隨 B

 

 

mayā ime sattā nimmitā = 這些眾生被我創造/我創造了這些眾生

(by me these beings were created / I have created these beings)

 

(2) 用於「主動句」(Active Sentence)

 

 

句型三:實主詞主動式 ( A (have) Ved B )

 

 

 

A B Ved (A對B做V)

Nom. Acc. pp.性、數、格隨 A

 

 

puriso gāma āgato = 此人到村子來了 (the person has come to the

village) (cf.āgacchi,aor.)

 

 

貳‧-a 結尾的中性名詞 (Neuter Nouns in -a)

1.語尾變化

 

 

例:yāna = 車乘(carriage)

 

 

單數 複數

Nom. yān-a yān-āni /-ā

Voc. * yān-a yān-āni /-ā

Acc. yān-a yān-āni /-e

 

2‧中性字的格變化通則 (中性條例)

 

(1) 中性字與其對應的男性字之語尾僅 Nom.sg.pl.Acc.pl.等三處有

異。主格、對格之外的其它六種格變化 (Ins. Dat. ... Loc.) 與「

男性字」相同。(依「長相」看,只有「頭」不一樣,「身體」完

全一樣。)

 

(2) 中性字的主格、對格字尾具如下特徵:

 

 

Nom.

Acc.

sg. pl.

-x -xni

-x -xni

(a) Nom. = Acc.

(b) Nom.sg.(Acc.sg.) 鼻音化 (-x)

(c) Nom.pl.(Acc.pl.) 長音化 ni

 

(3) 中性字「複數主格、對格、呼格」除可用自己的字尾外,也可使

用其對應男性字的字尾。亦即除「主格單數」外,中性字可以使用

其對應男性字的「所有字尾」(即整張表格)

 

3.-a 結尾的中性字示例:

 

āsana 座、座所 (seat)

kamma 業、行為、工作 (work)

kiccha 困難 (difficulty)

geha 家、房子 (house, building)

gotta 姓、氏姓、種性 (clan)

cīvara 衣、法衣 (robe)

dāna 施物、布施 (gift, donation, alms)

dukkha (unhappiness, misery, suffering)

dvāra 門、戶 (door, gate)

dhana 財、財物 (money, wealth)

puñña 福、善、福德、福業 (merit, good, goodness, meritorious action)

maraa (death)

yojana 由旬 (league,14公里)

sahassa 千、千金 (thousand)

sīla (virtue, good conduct)

sukha (happiness)

 

參‧具格的基本用法 (Instrumental Case)

0.具格的語尾變化:(此處以-a為例,其餘請參見以下「一覽表」)

 

單數 複數

buddha m. > buddh-ena buddh-ehi

buddh-ebhi

phala n. > phal-ena phal-ehi

phal-ebhi

kaññā f. 少女 > kaññ-āya kaññ-āhi

kaññ-ābhi

 

1.具格的基本用法

 

(1) 表示動作的「工具、方式、狀態」(... ,以... ...),通常用

於「非生命名詞」。

 

 

paññāya passati = 他以智慧見 (he sees with wise)

sukha kāyena phusati = 他以身觸樂 (he touches happiness with the

body)

adhivāsesi bhagavā tuhībhāvena = 世尊默然應許 (the fortunate

one acquiesced by his silence)

pattena udakam atiharati = 他以缽取水 (he brings water in a bowl)

 

(2) 表示「被動句」之「動作者」(... , ...),通常用於「有生命名

詞」。

 

 

samao mayā diṭṭho = 沙門被我看見/我看見沙門 (the ascetic was

seen by me/ I saw the ascetic)

bhāro bhikkhunā chaḍḍito = 重擔被比丘捨離/比丘捨離重擔 (the

load was thrown away by the bhikkhu)

v

 

附:

具格 語尾變化 一覽

 

(1) 母音結尾的語尾變化:

 

單數 複數

buddha m. > buddh-ena buddh-ehi

buddh-ā buddh-ebhi

aggi m. > agg-inā agg-īhi

agg-ībhi

bhikkhu m. 比丘 > bhikkh-unā bhikkh-ūhi

bhikkh-ūbhi

----------------------------

phala n. > phal-ena phal-ehi

phal-ā phal-ebhi

akkhi n. > akkh-inā akkh-īhi

akkh-ībhi

assu n. > ass-unā ass-ūhi

ass-ūbhi

==================

kaññā f. 少女 > kaññ-āya kaññ-āhi

kaññ-ābhi

jāti f. > jāt-iyā jāt-īhi

jāt-ībhi

nadī f. > nad-iyā nad-īhi

nad-ībhi

dhenu f. 牡牛 > dhen-uyā dhen-ūhi

dhen-ūbhi

jambū f. 閻浮樹 > jamb-uyā jamb-ūhi

jamb-ūbhi

 

(2)子音結尾的語尾變化:

 

單數 複數

attan m. 自我 > attan-ā attan-ehi (-ebhi)

att-ena att-ehi

rājan m. > rājin-ā rāj-ūhi (-ūbhi)

raññ-ā rāj-ehi (-ebhi)

rāj-ena

 

 

單數 複數

kamman n. > kamman-ā kamm-ehi (-ebhi)

kammun-ā

kamm-ā

kamm-ena

----------------------------

bhagavant m. 世尊 > bhagavat-ā bhagavant-ehi

bhagavant-ena bhagavant-ebhi

gacchant m. > gacchat-ā gacchant-ehi

(ppr.) gacchant-ena gacchant-ebhi

----------------------------

hatthin m. > hatthin-ā hatth-īhi

hatth-ībhi

gāmin n. 導者 > gāmin-ā gām-īhi

gām-ībhi

----------------------------

vacas n. > vacas-ā vac-ehi

vac-ena vac-ebhi

----------------------------

āyus n. > āyus-ā āy-ūhi

āy-unā āy-ūbhi

----------------------------

pitar m. > pitar-ā pitar-ehi (-ebhi)

pit-unā pit-ūhi (-ūbhi)

mātar f. > mātar-ā mātar-ehi (-ebhi)

māt-uyā māt-ūhi (-ūbhi)

 

(3)代名詞類的語尾變化:

 

單數 複數

ta(d) m.n. > t-ena t-ehi (-ebhi)

n-ena n-ehi (-ebhi)

eta(d) m.n. > et-ena et-ehi (-ebhi)

ima() m.n. > im-inā im-ehi (-ebhi)

ehi (ebhi)

ka m.n. > k-ena k-ehi (-ebhi)

ka-ci m.n. > kena-ci kehi-ci (kebhi-ci)

ya(d) m.n. > y-ena y-ehi (-ebhi)

sabba m.n. 一切 > sabb-ena sabb-ehi (-ebhi)

amu m.n. > am-unā am-ūhi (-ūbhi)

----------------------------

 

單數 複數

ta(d) f. > t-āya t-āhi (-ābhi)

n-āya n-āhi (-ābhi)

eta(d) f. > et-āya et-āhi (-ābhi)

ima() f. > im-āyai m-āhi (-ābhi)

ka f. > k-āya k-āhi (-ābhi)

ka-ci f. > kāya-ci kāhi-ci (kābhi-ci)

ya(d) f. > y-āya y-āhi (-ābhi)

sabba f. 一切 > sabb-āya sabb-āhi (-ābhi)

amu f. > am-uyā am-ūhi (-ūbhi)

==================

aha > m-ayā (me) amh-ehi (no)

tva > t-ayā (te) tumh-ehi (vo)

 

v