Gāthā | Sentence Translation | Sentence Structure |
Vocabulary&Grammar | Commentary | Pronunciation |
Not in the air, not in the middle of the ocean, not entering
the hole in the mountains.
There is no place in the world, where being one would
be released from the [consequences of] evil deeds.
na antalikkhe na samudda+majjhe na pabbatānaṃ
vivaraṃ pavissa
|
| |
|
| |
|
| |
neg. N.n. neg. N.m.
Adj.m. neg. N.m.
N.n. V.ger.
| Loc.Sg.
| |
Loc.Sg. | Gen.Pl.
Acc.Sg. |
|______|
| |_______|
| |_________|
|
|_________|
|__________|___________|
|_____|
List of Abbreviations
na vijjatī
so jagati+ppadeso yattha+ṭṭhito
mucceyya pāpa+kammā
|
|
| |
|
| |
| |
|
neg. V.act.in. Pron.m. N.n.
N.m. Rel.Adv. Adj.m. V.act.
Adj. N.n.
| 3.Sg.pres. Nom.Sg.
| Nom.Sg. |
Nom.Sg. 3.Sg.opt. | Abl.Sg.
|_______|
| |_____|
|______|
| |_____|
|
|_________|
|
|_________|
|
|
|________________|
|
|__________________________|
|_____________________________|
na, neg.: not.
antalikkhe: antalikkha-, N.n.: sky, atmosphere. Loc.Sg. = antalikkhe.
na, neg.: not.
samuddamajjhe: samuddamajjha-, Adj.: middle
of the ocean. It is a compound of:
samudda-, N.m.: sea, ocean.
majjha-, Adj.: middle.
Loc.Sg.m. = samuddamajjhe.
na, neg.: not.
pabbatānaṃ: pabbata-, N.m.: mountain. Gen.Pl. = pabbatānaṃ.
List of Abbreviations
vivaraṃ: vivara-, N.n.: opening, hole. Acc.Sg. = vivaraṃ.
pavissa, V.ger.: having entered. The verb root is vis- (to enter) with the strengthening prefix pa-.
na, neg.: not.
vijjatī, V.: exists, is found. The verb root is vid- (to find). 3.Sg.pas.in.pres. = vijjati. The form vijjatī is sometimes used in poetry.
so: tad-, Pron.n.: it. Nom.Sg.m. = so.
jagatippadeso: jagatippadesa-, N.m.: a place
in the world. It is a compound of:
jagat-, N.n.: world. Compound
form = jagati-.
padesa-, N.m.: place, spot,
location, district.
Euphonic combination: jagati- + padesa-
= jagatippadesa-.
Nom.Sg. = jagatippadeso.
List of Abbreviations
yatthaṭṭhito:
yatthaṭṭhita-, Adj.: where being. It
is a compound of:
yattha, Rel.Adv.: where.
ṭhita-,
Adj.: being, lit. standing. It is a p.p. of the verb root ṭhā-
(to stand).
Euphonic combination: yattha + ṭhita-
= yatthaṭṭhita-.
Nom.Sg.m. = yatthaṭṭhito.
mucceyya, V.: can be released, can be freed. The verb is muc-. 3.Sg.act.opt. = mucceyya.
pāpakammā:
pāpakamma-, N.n.: evil deed. It is
a compound of:
pāpa-,
Adj.: evil, wrong.
kamma-, N.n.: deed, action.
It is derived from the verb kar-, to do.
Abl.Sg. = pāpakammā.
List of Abbreviations
In the first line of this verse, there
are three syntactically isolated incomplete sentences. They are:
1) na antalikkhe (not in the
air). The subject and verb are omitted. The verb "to be" is implied and
it is negated by the negative particle na (not). It has an attribute,
the noun antalikkhe (in the air, locative singular).
2) na samuddamajjhe (not in
the middle of the ocean). The subject and verb are omitted. The verb "to
be" is implied and it is negated by the negative particle na (not).
It has an attribute, the compound samuddamajjhe (in the middle of
the ocean, locative singular).
3) na pabbatānaṃ
vivaraṃ pavissa (not entering the hole
in the mountains). The subject is omitted. The verb is pavissa (having
entered, gerundive). It is negated by the negative particle na (not).
The object is the noun vivaraṃ (the
hole, accusative singular) with its attribute, the noun pabbatānaṃ
(of mountains, genitive plural).
The second line forms the main sentence.
It can be further subdivided into two segments:
1) na vijjatī
so jagatippadeso (there is no place in the world). The subject is the
compound jagatippadeso (a place in the world, nominative singular).
It has an attribute, the personal pronoun so (that, nominative singular).
The verb is vijjatī (exists, 3rd
person, singular, active, indicative, present tense). It is negated by
the negative particle na (not).
2) yatthaṭṭhito
mucceyya pāpakammā
(where being one would be released from the [consequences of] evil deeds).
The subject is the compound yatthaṭṭhito
(standing where, nominative singular). The verb is mucceyya (would
be released, 3rd person, singular, active, optative). The object
is the compound pāpakammā
(from evil deeds, ablative singular).
Three groups of monks were traveling
from far away to see the Buddha. On the way strange things happened to
them.
The first group stayed in a village
on their way. Some people were cooking meal when their hut caught fire
and burned. A crow was flying over the place, got caught in the fire and
died.
When they met the Buddha, he told
them this story. One farmer had a very lazy ox. It would not work, it would
only lie down, eat and sleep. The farmer once got so angry, that he put
a rope around the neck of the animal and set fire to it. So the ox died.
Because of this, the farmer was reborn as a crow and died in the fire himself.
The second group took a boat. In the
middle of the ocean the ship would not suddenly move. They searched for
the unlucky person, who is causing this to happen. Three times lots were
drawn and three times it fell on the captain's wife. So at the end they
tied a pot of sand to her neck and drowned her. The ship then continued
to the port safely and the monks got to see the Buddha.
He told them, that once there was
a woman who had a pet dog. The dog would follow her everywhere; it just
would not stay away even for a moment. Some people were making fun of her.
So she felt ashamed, tied a pot of sand around the dog's neck and drowned
it. Because of this, she was reborn as that unlucky woman who was drowned
by other people.
The third group of seven monks stayed
in a cave overnight. In the middle of the night a big rock fell from the
mountain above and blocked the entrance into the cave. People discovered
them in the morning and tried to move the rock, but they were unable to
do it. Only on the seventh day they moved the rock away and the monks were
free.
To them the Buddha related the story
of seven cowherds who chased an iguana into a mound and for fun closed
all the entrances. They let the iguana out only after seven days. So in
this life they were reborn as the seven monks who were trapped in the cave
for a week.
At the end the Buddha said this verse,
saying that one can never escape the consequences of evil
deeds. They will find us anywhere, nobody can hide from
them, even in the air, ocean or in a cave - the consequences will befall
us surely.
Word pronunciation:
na
antalikkhe
samuddamajjhe
samudda
majjhe
pabbatānaṃ
vivaraṃ
pavissa
vijjatī
so
jagatippadeso
jagati
padeso
yatthaṭṭhito
yattha
ṭhito
mucceyya
pāpakammā
pāpa
kammā