Resolves=愿; Vows=愿; Nikāya=阿含經; Early Buddhism=原始佛教
摘要
Buddhism often speaks of “vows”. A vow is a personal promise that will affect a person’s whole being. In a more concrete sense, it means the firm resolve made especially upon experiencing the wonders on practicing the Dharma or hearing the discourses of the Buddha. What, then, is the meaning of a resolve in the Early Buddhism? This research intends to focus on the concept of resolve and vows and the instances advocated by the Buddha as manifested in the Early Buddhism – the Nikāyas. This paper will also look into the functions and features of such resolves. The purpose of the study is to find the existence of resolve making in Early Buddhism. Various forms of definition and usage of the terms in these texts and scriptures will be stated. Then, the meaning of each terms and its usage will be analyzed. The importance and development of the terms will also be evaluated. With this study, the value of making a resolve and the appropriate methods of doing so as advocated by the Buddha would be understood. Another significance of this study is to comprehend the idea of vows and resolves making in the Early Buddhism sources. This understanding would create a universal understanding between the different schools of thought and once again, would prove that the Buddha’s teaching is one, and not multiple.
目次
ABSTRACT i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii Table of Contents iii 1. Chapter 1 – Introduction 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Research Motivation 3 1.3 Problem Statement 3 1.4 Literature Review 4 1.5 Research Purpose 5 1.6 Challenges and Solutions 6 1.7 Research Methodology 6 1.8 Research Structure 7 2. Chapter 2 – Definition and concepts 8 2.1 Pali Equivalence of Resolve 8 2.1.1 Adhimutti 10 2.1.2 Adhimokkha 13 2.1.3 Abhinīhāra 13 2.1.4 Paṇidhi 16 2.1.5 Patthanā 21 2.1.6 Adhiṭṭhāti 22 2.1.7 Miscellaneous 31 2.1.8 Summary of Findings 31 2.2 The English Term “Resolve” 32 3. Chapter 3 – Resolves in the Nikāya 34 3.1 Dīgha Nikāya (The Long Collection) 34 3.1.1 DN 1: Brahmajāla Sutta 34 3.1.2 DN 2: Sāmaññaphala Sutta 35 3.1.3 DN 3: Ambaṭṭha Sutta 36 3.1.4 DN 4: Soṇadaṇḍa Sutta 37 3.1.5 DN 5: Kūṭadanta Sutta 37 3.1.6 DN 8: Mahāsīhanāda Sutta 38 3.1.7 DN 10: Subha Sutta 39 3.1.8 DN11: Kevaddha Sutta 40 3.1.9 DN 12: Lohicca Sutta 40 3.1.10 DN 16: Mahāparinibbāna Sutta 41 3.1.11 DN 33: Sangīti Sutta 42 3.1.12 DN 34: Dasuttara Sutta 43 3.1.13 Summary 44 3.2 Majjhima Nikāya (The Middle-Length Collection) 45 3.2.1 MN 12: Mahāsīhanāda Sutta 45 3.2.2 MN 102: Pañcattaya Sutta 46 3.2.3 MN 106: Āneñjasappāya Sutta 46 3.2.4 MN111: Anupada Sutta 47 3.2.5 MN 120: Saṇkhārupapatti Sutta 48 3.2.6 Summary 49 3.3 Saṁyutta Nikāya (The Grouped Collection) 49 3.3.1 SN 12.15 Kaccānagotta Sutta 50 3.3.2 SN 12.63 Puttamaṁsūpama Sutta 50 3.3.3 SN 14.13 Giñjakāvasatha Sutta 51 3.3.4 SN14.14 Hīnādhimuttikā Sutta 52 3.3.5 SN 14.15 Caṇkama Sutta 53 3.3.6 SN 14.16 Sagāthā Sutta 53 3.3.7 SN 16.8 Tatiyaovāda Sutta 54 3.3.8 SN 22.90 Channa Sutta 55 3.3.9 SN 32.53~57 Sītavalāhaka Sutta, Uṇhavalāhaka Sutta, Abbhavalāhaka Sutta, Vātavalāhaka Sutta, Vassavalāhaka Sutta 56 3.3.10 SN 34.7 Samādhimūlakābhinīhāra Sutta 57 3.3.11 SN 34.16 Samāpattimūlakābhinīhāra Sutta 57 3.3.12 SN 34.46~49 Gocaramūlakaabhinīhārasuttādicatukkaṁ 58 3.3.13 SN 34.50~52 Abhinīhāramūlakasakkaccasuttāditikaṁ 58 3.3.14 SN 41.10 Gilanadassana Sutta 59 3.3.15 SN 47.9 Gilāna Sutta 59 3.3.16 SN 52.19 Nānādhimutti Sutta 60 3.3.17 Summary 60 3.4 Anguttara Nikāya (The Further-Factored Collection) 61 3.4.1 AN 2.130~133 Āyācana Vaggo 61 3.4.2 AN 3.19 Paṭhamapāpaṇika Sutta 62 3.4.3 AN 3.20 Dutiyapāpaṇika Sutta 63 3.4.4 AN 3.77 Dutiyabhava Sutta 63 3.4.5 AN 3.150 Pubbaṇha Sutta 64 3.4.6 AN 4.31 Cakka Sutta 64 3.4.7 AN 4.35 Vassakāra Sutta 65 3.4.8 AN 4.176 Āyācana Sutta 66 3.4.9 AN 4.192 Ṭhāna Sutta 67 3.4.10 AN 5.43 Iṭṭha Sutta 67 3.4.11 AN 6.52 Khattiya Sutta 68 3.4.12 AN 6.85 Siti Sutta 68 3.4.13 AN 8.35 Dānūpapatti Sutta 69 3.4.14 AN 10.20 Dutiyāriyāvāsa Sutta 69 3.4.15 AN 10.104 Bīja Sutta 70 3.4.16 Summary 71 3.5 Khuddaka Nikāya (The Collection of Little Texts) 72 3.5.1 KN 1 Khuddakapatha 72 3.5.2 KN 4 Itivuttaka 73 3.5.3 KN 6 Vimanavatthu 73 3.5.4 KN 12 Buddhavaṁsa 74 3.5.5 KN 15 Cariyāpiṭaka 75 3.5.6 Summary 77 4. Chapter 4 – Conclusions 78 4.1 Summary 78 4.1.1 Terms and Concepts 78 4.1.2 Texts and Scriptures 79 4.1.3 Repetitions and Translations 80 4.2 Findings and Conclusion of Research 80 4.2.1 Association with the Moralities 80 4.2.2 To a better rebirth 81 4.2.3 Varied Audience 81 4.2.4 Achievability 81 4.3 Suggestions for Future Research 81 4.3.1 Detailed Studies 81 4.3.2 Comparative Analysis 82 4.3.3 Beyond the Nikāyas 83 5. Bibliography 85 6. Appendixes 90 6.1 Appendix A - Analysis of the terms from the Pali English Dictionary (PED) 90 6.2 Appendix B - Analysis of the occurrences of the terms in the Nikāyas 92 6.3 Appendix C - Summary of the occurrences of the terms in the Nikāyas 96 6.4 Appendix D - Comparison of the terms in the PED and the Nikāyas 97 6.5 Appendix E - Analysis of the occurrences of
