This thesis explores the topics of contemporary Chinese Buddhist thought and Buddhist modernism through the works of one of the most prominent Chinese Buddhist reformers of the latter part of the 20th century, late Master Shengyan (釋聖嚴 1930-2009) (hereafter, Shengyan). My discussion of this prolific writer and founder of the Dharma Drum Mountain monastic order will focus on two of the most salient—yet seemingly conflicting—features of his religious and intellectual career: a buddhology of emptiness and an active advocacy of the East Asian Chan tradition in the face of widespread disaffection and criticism. By exploring the ways in which Shengyan''s thought was informed yet not strictly constrained by the two great modernist currents of contemporary Chinese Buddhism—the rise of humanistic Buddhism (renjian fojiao 人間佛教) and the usage of historical-critical methods in the pursuit of unadulterated Buddhist truths, I wish to present the case of an idiosyncratic form of reformism which is not adequately accounted for by reductionist models of Asian religious modernism. The first chapter of this thesis offers to contextualize master Shengyan''s advocacy of the Chinese Chan tradition by giving an overview of modern discussion of the school. The second chapter will highlight some of the critiques leveled by contemporary Chinese Buddhists against the Chan School and give a detailed account of the most noteworthy and seminal of those criticisms: the attack on the orthodoxy of East Asian Buddhist traditions and the wish to return to an earlier, unadulterated (non-sinicized) Indian buddhology (foxue 佛學). Chapter three will examine how Shengyan enacted this doctrinal reform, adopting the teachings of emptiness and dependent origination as the highest Buddhist truths, while attempting to demonstrate their compatibility with the Chinese Chan tradition he sought to promote. In addition to securing the tradition''s orthodoxy, we will discuss how this buddhology of emptiness also played a key role in demonstrating Buddhism''s distinctive nature compared to theistic religions, as well as laying the theoretical foundations for a modern incarnation of Chan Buddhism that stands in stark contrast to more romantic and westernized forms of Zen. Finally, the fourth chapter will first contrast Shengyan''s views on the value and strengths of the Chinese Buddhist tradition to that of the reformer monk Taixu before discussing the contemporary context in which his vision took form: the triumphant ascendancy of humanistic Buddhism and the mounting polemical discussion over the issue of secularization. My thesis concludes that—in light of his resistance to the Chinese critical Buddhists’ rejection of Chinese tradition, his emphasis on meditative practice, and the thoroughly unromantic nature of his teachings—Shengyan''s attempt at revitalizing the moribund Chan tradition represents a noteworthy departure from modernist trends in both contemporary Taiwanese Buddhism and the formulation of the East Asian tradition (Zen) by Asian popularizer in the West.
目次
CHAPTER ONE: GENERAL INTRODUCTION 6 1.1 The East Asian Buddhist tradition in modern times 6 1.2 Shengyan and the issue of Buddhist modernism 10 1.3 Literature review and contribution to the field 14 1.4 Methodological approach 15
CHAPTER TWO: CRITICISM OF THE CHAN AND EAST ASIAN TRADITIONS IN MODERN CHINA 17 2.1 Chinese Buddhism or the Buddhism of the Chinese? 17 2.2 The maligned tradition: views of the Chan School in modern China 19 2.3 Chinese Critical Buddhism: attacks on the orthodoxy of Chinese Buddhism 30 2.3.1 Ouyang Jingwu 31 2.3.2 Lu Cheng 36 2.3.3 Yinshun 39
CHAPTER THREE: EMPTYING THE CHINESE TEACUP 46 3.1 Treading the Middle-way 46 3.2 Traditional East Asian buddhological discourse 49 3.3 Shengyan's buddhology of emptiness 54 3.3.1 Returning to the Indian Source 54 3.3.2 Coming to terms with the womb of the Tathāgata 55 3.3.2.1 The purpose of the tathāgatagarbha 62 3.4 Functions of a buddhology of emptiness 67 3.4.1 The Will to Orthodoxy 68 3.4.2 Highlighting Buddhism''s distinctive nature 71 3.4.3 The unromantic Chan 75
CHAPTER FOUR: BUDDHISM WITH CHINESE CHARACTERISTICS 83 4.1 Introduction 83 4.2 Taixu’s Chinese Buddhism 84 4.3 Shengyan''s reasons for advocating Chinese Buddhism 90 4.3.1 The original intent of the Buddha 90 4.3.1.1 The harmonious tradition 94 4.3.1.2 The practical tradition 95 4.3.2 Conclusion 98 4.4 Humanistic Buddhism and the issue of secularization 100
CONCLUSIONS: SHENGYAN AND THE ISSUE OF BUDDHIST MODERNISM 107 5.1 Protestant Buddhism and detraditionalization 107 5.2 Secularization and meditative practice 112 5.3 Romanticism and the source of ethical behavior 114 5.4 Buddhist modernism and the problem of essentialism 115
