清初三峰派仁山震研究——活用印心與印法以重構臨濟宗=Research on Renshan Jizhen of Sanfeng Sect in Early Qing—Reconstructing Linji School with a Dynamic View of Transmitting Buddha Mind and Dharma
Disputes between Sanfeng Sect三峰派and Tiantong Sect天童派 regarding Chan masters’ attitudes on “principles and essentials of chan 綱宗” or “scripture-teaching教” have drawn attention of scholars; however, most discussions are focused on controversies between Hanyue Fazang漢月法藏 (1573-1635) and Miyun Yuanwu密雲圓悟 (1567-1642) in late Ming dynasty. How did Masters of Sanfeng Sect deal with these disagreements in early Qing dynasty? Did they change attitudes on words and texts when they claimed inherited from both Hanyue Fazang and Miyun Yuanwu? This paper tries to clarify thoughts of Renshan Jizhen 仁山震 (1631-1697, hereinafter “Jizhen”), the third generation of Sanfeng Sec, by analyzing his works including Commentary on Jingan Sanmei Sutra, i.e., “Jin-Gang-San-Mei-Jing-Tong-Zong-Ji” 《金剛三昧經通宗記》, Mahā-Prajñāpāramitā Repentance, i.e., “Da-Bo-Re-Chan-Fa”《大般若懺法》, collection of poems such as “Hua-Ding-He-Shang-Shan-Tang-Jiou-Gau” 《華頂和尚山堂舊稿》 and “Ren-Sou-Chan-Shih-Hua-Ding-Bie-Ji” 《仁叟禪師華頂別集》, and latest discovered teaching-records such as “Ren-Shan-He-Shang-Bau-Hua-Yu-Lu” 《仁山和尚寶華語錄》, “Ren-Sou-He-Shang-Yu-Lu” 《仁叟和尚語錄》. Other than above-mentioned documents, this paper also reviews records of temples and corpus of literati in relation to Master Jizhen and his teacher Poshi Honbi 剖石弘璧 (1599-1670). Within context of Sanfeng Sect in Early Qing, this paper lays focus on three main arguments: (a) Jizhen’s meditation teachings employed both directly pointing to a person’s mind and skill-in-means方便, including beating-and shouting棒喝, Hua-Tou 話頭, principles of chan and scripture-teaching, (b) Jizhen’s practice of utilizing both inexpressible and expressible approaches was derivative from Huihong Juefan慧洪覺範 (1071-1128), Tzubai Jenke紫柏真可(1543-1604), Hanyue Fazang and Poshi Honbi, (c) In response to criticism from Tiantong Sect, Jizhen asserted inheritance of Linji Lineage and reconstructed Linji School with a dynamic view of transmitting buddha mind and dharma, which was distinct form stereotypical authority of “solely beating-and-shouting approach” asserted by Tiantong Sect.