建立古蹟近斷層與遠域地震之易損曲線-以金門海印寺為例=Development of Fragility Curves of Historic Structures Considering Near Fault and Far Field Earthquakes-A Case Study of Hai-Yin Temple
The objective of this research is to develop the fragility curves of the historic structures considering near fault and far field earthquakes. Hai-Yin Temple will serve as a case study. A near fault closes to the island with a 30 km, and a 500km in length. Prior to 410 years ago, in 1604, a 7.5 magnitude earthquake hit Kinmen Island. This earthquake resulted in a catastrophic damage on this island. However, very few research conducting the damage evaluation of the historic structures on this island, this is a motivation of this study. This research is organized into eight chapters. In the Chapter1, the motivation, objective, methodology of the research, and outline of this study are described. The literature review is conducted in the Chapter 2. This chapter includes related studies on wood structures, interaction behaviors of wooden connections, characteristics of earthquakes, and Newmark’s sliding block theory. Chapter 3 is devoted to the description of Hai-Yin Temple situated on Tai-wu in Kinmen. The history of this temple is addressed in brevity. The structural dimensions are also delineated in this chapter. Chapter 4 is concerned with the geologic conditions on the foundation of the temple. The features and parameters of granite and granite gneiss are addressed herein. Newmark’s sliding block theory is introduced to evaluate of the probability of the temple sliding on the hillside. The variation of the sliding coefficients at the interface of the foundation and the ground is presented. The procedure of dynamic analyses of the temple is studied in Chapter 5. The selection of ground accelerations of near fault and far field earthquakes is based on the compatible seismic design spectra in Kinmen. The wood beams and wood columns are modeling with beam-column elements, brick walls and granite walls with shell elements. The interface of wall foundation and the ground is considered with nonlinear sliding elements. The hysteresis loops of connections of beams and columns are developed with the full scale tests conducted by NCREE. As for the beams mounted on the walls, the friction elements are adopted to estimate the critical PGA to pull out or penetrate the beams from the walls. Due to no damage test of granite walls available, most of the studies focused on the brick damage, therefore, in this study, we use the damage criteria of the brick walls to calculate the granite walls. However, this will lead to more conservative results. In Chapter 6, the analyses of Newmark’s sliding block are performed. Prior to conduct this analysis, the base line corrections are required to avoid the drift in the displacements. Iwan’s algorithm is used to adjust the accelerations. The sliding displacements with various PGA are achieved to evaluate the safety of the temple. In addition, the modal analyses are performed in Chapter 6. Several results are achieved with the numerous nonlinear analyses. These include the comparison of the drift of walls due to near fault and far field earthquakes, the probability density functions of the roof displacements, sliding displacements of the foundations, and distributions of the base shears contributed to walls and the frames. Chapter 7 addresses
目次
中文摘要 I Abstract II 中文致謝 V Acknowledgments VI 中文目錄 VIII Contents XI List of Tables XIV List of Figures XVI Symbols XXVII Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Motivation and Objective 1 1.2 Research Methods 6 1.3 Organization of the research 8 Chapter 2 Literature Review 12 2.1 Previous Researches of Wood Structures 12 2.2 Previous Researches of Wooden Joints 14 2.3 Previous Researches of Earthquakes 19 2.4 Previous Researches of Newmark’s Sliding Block Analysis 21 Chapter 3 Description of Hai Yin Temple 23 3.1 Description of Structures 26 3.2 Construction History of Hai Yin Temple 26 3.2.1 Main Hall and Worship Pavilion of Hai Yin Temple 28 Chapter 4 Foundation Analysis 30 4.1 Geological Survey of Hai Yin Temple 40 4.2 Features of Granite and Granite Gneiss 40 4.3 Evaluation of Granite and Granite Gneiss Parameters 43 4.4 Newmark’s Sliding Block Theory 45 4.5 Sliding Coefficient 46 Chapter 5 Modeling of Hai Yin Temple 49 5.1 Input Earthquakes 50 5.2 Modeling of Hai Yin Temple 50 5.2.1 Simulation of Wooden Joints 118 5.2.2 Interaction of Walls and Wooden Beams 121 5.2.3 Simulation of Granite Wall 126 Chapter 6 Dynamic Analyses 126 6.1 Newmark’s Sliding Block Theory 128 6.1.1 Earthquake Baseline Correction 128 6.1.2 Newmark’s Sliding Block Theory 128 6.2 Modal Analysis 144 6.3 Nonlinear Time History Analysis 153 6.3.1 Drift Ratio of Walls 159 6.3.2 Probability Functions of Roof Displacements 159 6.3.3 Resonant Sliding at Wall Bases 169 6.3.4 Comparison of Base Shear between Far-field and Near-fault earthquakes 173 Chapter 7 Development of Fragility Curves 181 7.1 Failure Criteria 200 7.2 Theory of Fragility Curves 200 7.3 Pullout failure of wooden beams 203 7.4 Drift Ratio 208 7.5 Fragility Curves 219 Chapter 8 Conclusions 222 8.1 Conclusions 234 8.2 Contribution and Features of This Study 236 8.3 Future Study 237 References 238 Appendix A Chapter 6 - 6.1.1 247 Appendix B Chapter 6 - 6.1.2 280 Appendix C Chapter 6 - 6.2 321
