Table of Contents Abbreviations 9 PREFACE 10 CHAPTER ONE THE CHAN ESTABLISHMENT AND THE CHAN ECCENTRICS IN THE SONG DYNASTY 13
1. INTRODUCTION 13 Buddhism in China 13 Early Chan 17 Song Chan 22 2. THE SONG CHAN ESTABLISHMENT 26 The Impact of the Song Chan Establishment on the Later Reception of Chan 26 Song Chan Literature 28 Song Chan Monasteries 39 3.THE CHAN ECCENTRICS 42 The Biographies of Hanshan, Shide and Fenggan 44 The Three Eccentrics as Recluses 48 Hanshan, Shide and Fenggan as Part of the Chan Tradition 57 CHAPTER TWO PORTRAITS AND PRESENCE: THE ECCENTRICS IN ART 62 1. THE ECCENTRICS IN ART 62 Hanshan and Shide, Attributed to Liang Kai 62 Paintings of Chan Eccentrics: The Corpus 63 Paintings of Chan Eccentrics: Groupings 75 2. ISSUES OF IDENTITY: FROM LIKENESS TO PRESENCE 87 Problems of Likeness in Chinese Portraiture 89 Art and Portraiture in China 94 Mimesis, Representation and Sign 105 3. CHAN ART AND PORTRAITURE RECONSIDERED 116 True Likeness and the Self: Interpreting the Visual Sign in Chan Commentaries 116 “Chan Art” 118 CHAPTER THREE ABBOTS AND ARTISTS: ASSESSING ECCENTRIC PAINTING 120 1. ENCOMIA ON ECCENTRICS IN CHAN TEXTS AND PAINTINGS 122 2. CHAN ABBOTS AND THE TRANSMISSION OF ART 126 3. THE “CHAN PAINTERS” 132 Painters of Chan Eccentrics 140 4. LITERATI ON BUDDHISM: IMAGE, TEXT AND CALLIGRAPHY 146 8 5. WORD AND IMAGE IN ENCOMIA ON ECCENTRICS 153 CHAPTER FOUR THE ECCENTRICS IN VISUAL AND TEXTUAL TRADITIONS 162 1. SCULPTURES AND RUBBINGS: THE ECCENTRICS IN STONE 162 Imperially Sponsored Cave Sites and the Cave Temples of Feilaifeng 163 Chinese Steles and the Fawang Temple Rubbing 174 2. THE ECCENTRICS IN SONG AND YUAN TEXTS 184 Tales of the Eccentric in Song and Yuan Literature 185 The Daoist Claim 194 CHAPTER FIVE CHAN, ART AND PRACTICE: VIEWING AND COLLECTING IMAGES OF WANDERING SAINTS 211 1. INTRODUCTION 211 2. THE HOLY MONK AND THE CHARISMA OF OTHERNESS IN CHAN MONASTIC CODES 214 The Rules of Purity for the Chan Monastery and the Holy Monk Pindola 214 The Law and the Lawless: The Holy Monk, Wandering Saints and the Centrality of the Other in Chan Practice 225 3. ART AND PRACTICE IN THE CHAN ESTABLISHMENT 229 Monastic Gazetteers and Art and Practice in the Jingci Temple 229 Portraits of Historical Abbots, Ox-herding Pictures and the Wandering Saints: Themes and Their Uses in Chan 237 4. RITUALS OF VIEWING AND COLLECTING IN CHINA AND JAPAN 244 The Art Market in Hangzhou and a Painting of Budai in the Collection of Wang Zao (1079-1154) 246 Ashikaga Shōguns and Zen Temples: The Wandering Saints in Muromachi Japan 255 CONCLUSION 259 BIBLIOGRAPHY 263 INDEX 275 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 280 ILLUSTRATIONS 283 Samenvatting 307 Curriculum Vitae 310
