自《大智度論》之「三三昧」至智顗之「一心三觀」=Chinese Interpretations of Indian Buddhism: From the Mahāprajñāpāramitā Upadeśa’s “Three Samādhis” to Zhiyi’s “Threefold Contemplation”
Mahā Prajñāpāramitā Upadeśa; Tiantai; Zhiyi; Three samādhis; Three concentrations; emptiness; signless; wishless; threefold contemplation; threefold truth; contemplation of emptiness; contemplation of provisional; contemplation of middle
摘要
This study examines the early Mahāyāna commentary, the Upadeśa through the doctrinal and practical aspects of the three samādhis and how it has influenced the thoughts and practices of Zhiyi’s threefold contemplation. The approach on examining Zhiyi’s relation to the Upadeśa through our position in the historical and textual context of the Upadeśa and of Zhiyi has opened up to a strong implication and verification of their connection. In addition, our brief study on the citation of the Upadeśa in Zhiyi’s extant textual exegeses indicated his frequent usages of the commentary both in his early and later works. Above all, Zhiyi’s development of his threefold contemplation connects to the concept of three samādhis through the continual application of his theoretical taxonomy, where he uses the six gates to the sublime to relate to the three samādhis and to the threefold contemplation in his early works. Likewise, his usage of the fourfold teachings in relation to both the meditative absorptions (three samādhis and threefold contemplation) in his later works. This has developed and expanded further to Zhiyi’s application of his threefold pattern and framework onto existing concepts and his development of the contemplation on the three insights in one thought and the three aspects of knowledge in one mind.
目次
ABSTRACT i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii CONTENTS v LIST OF FIGURES viii ABBREVIATIONS ix CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION &; METHODOLOGY 1 1.1. Background Overview 1 1.2. Criticism: Issues &; Context 7 1.2.1. Problem Statement, Conceptual Framework &; Research Question 8 1.3. Research Methods, Limitations &; Structure 14 1.3.1. Methodology &; Approach 14 1.3.2. Challenges, Problems &; Limitations 15 1.3.3. Structure of this paper 17 CHAPTER 2: HISTORICAL &; TEXTUAL OVERVIEW 21 2.1. Significant Position of the Upadeśa 21 2.1.1. Author of the Upadeśa 22 2.1.2. Influences of the Upadeśa 23 2.2. Significant Position of Tiantai Zhiyi 27 2.2.1. Renowned Tiantai Master, Zhiyi 28 2.2.2. Influences of His Thoughts and Practices 31 2.3. Possible Upadesā Influences on Zhiyi 37 2.4. Summary 43 CHAPTER 3: THE THREE SAMĀDHIS IN INDIAN BUDDHISM &; THE UPADEŚA 46 3.1. Samādhi: Definition &; Significance 47 3.2. Three Samādhis: Its Definition, Significance and Categories 53 3.2.1. Definition and Significance of the Three Samādhis 55 3.2.2. Categories of Three Samādhis 59 3.3. Concentration of Emptiness 64 3.3.1. Fundamental Aspects of Emptiness: Emptiness and Non-Self 67 3.3.2. Emphasis on the Emptiness of Inherent Existence 74 3.4. Concentration of Signless 77 3.4.1. Four Aspects of the Noble Truth of Cessation: Devoid of the Ten Mental Signs 80 3.4.2. Transcendence of the Three Aspects of Phenomena 85 3.5. Concentration of Wishless 89 3.5.1. The Ten Aspects of the Noble Truths: Absence of Intention to Desire 90 3.5.2. Realization of the Truth with the wisdom to restraint desire 93 3.6. Three Concentrations as a Cohesive Whole 96 3.6.1. Noble Dharma Seal 96 3.6.2. Three Contacts 99 3.6.3. Three Dharma Seals 100 3.6.4. Gates of Liberation 104 3.6.5. Liberations of Mind 106 3.7. Summary 114 CHAPTER 4: ZHIYI’S PRAXIS OF THE THREEFOLD CONTEMPLATION 116 4.1. Application of His Theoretical Taxonomy: Three Samādhis &; Threefold contemplation 117 4.2. Perspectives on the Nature of Emptiness 128 4.2.1. Emptiness as Absolute Truth 129 4.2.2. Contemplation of Emptiness 132 4.3. Viewpoints on the Provisional 134 4.3.1. Provisional as Mundane Truth 136 4.3.2. Contemplation of Provisional 137 4.4. Development of Thoughts: His Expansion on the Concept of the Middle 140 4.4.1. Middle as the Truth of the Middle of Supreme Meaning 141 4.4.2. Contemplation of the Middle 144 4.5. Formulation of the Threefold System 146 4.5.1. Threefold Truth 146 4.5.2. Threefold Contemplation 151 4.6. Summary 160 CHAPTER 5: COMPARISON BETWEEN THE THREE SAMĀDHIS &; THE THREEFOLD CONTEMPLATION 163 5.1. Comparative Analysis on Three Samādhis and Threefold Contemplation 164 5.2. The Nature of Emptiness: Concentration of Emptiness and the Contemplations of Emptiness 174 5.3. Aspects of the Conventional Naming: The Relation of Signless and Provisional 175 5.4. The Philosophy of the Middle Way: The Correlation of Wishless Concentration and Contemplation of the Middle 178 5.5. Summary 180 CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION 182 BIBLIOGRAPHY 185 Primary Sources 185 Secondary Sources 186 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1-1 Dharma Lineage Chart of the Tiantai tradition 4 Figure 2-1 Common usage of the Upadeśa in Zhiyi’s textual exegesis. 43 Figure 3-1 Comparison chart of the Three Concentrations and Three Dharma Seals. 101 Figure 3-2 Comparison chart between the Three Concentrations, Three Characteristics and Four Characteristics. 102 Figure 4-1 Application of Three Samādhis on the Taxonomy of Six Gates to the Sublime 120 Figure 4-2 Application of Three Samādhis on the Taxonomy of the Fourfold Teachings 124 Figure 4-3 Zhiyi’s description on the Nature of Emptiness using his Fourfold Teachings. 130 Figure 5-1 Relations of the Twofold Truths and Threefold Truth. 165 Figure 5-2 Relations of the Three Samā
