Wuen; Yuanqing; Qingzhao; Zhiyuan; Shanjia; Shanwai; Mind Contemplation(guanxin); Pure Mind Contemplation(zhenxinguan)
摘要
The primary concern of this thesis is to look closely into the life and ideas of Ciguang Wuen慈光晤恩 (912-988 A.D.) and his circle, which later became known as Shanwai山外 group within the Tiantai School. This group which included such famous personalities of the Song Buddhism as Fengxian Yuanqiang奉先源清 (d.997) and Gushan Zhiyuan孤山智圓 (976-1022) traced its origin to Wuen and claimed to share his ideas on a number of important doctrinal issues, including the authenticity of Zhiyi’s智顗 (538-597) commentary to the Golden Light sutra (Jinguangming jing 金光明經) and adequacy of the claims that the practice of the “mind contemplation” (guanxin 觀心) in fact represents the authentic teaching of the great master Tiantai. These issues later became the foundations for the so called shanjia/shanwai controversy which to very substantial degree determined the intellectual agenda of the Song Dynasty Tiantai School. Being an alleged founder of the Shanwai group, Wuen emerges as a key figure in the split of the Tiantai School, and the traces of his influence could be seen all through the Northern Song period. Since none of his works survived, this thesis is predominantly based on the biographical materials and writings of Wuen’s disciples and intellectual adversaries which allow some limited reconstruction of Wuen’s ideas. This paper intends to examine the life of Wuen and clarify wherever possible Wuen’s position within the Tiantai doctrinal history.
目次
AKNOWLEDGEMENT I ABSTRACT II TABLE OF CONTENTS III ABBREVIATIONS V LIST OF CHARTS V CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND OF STUDY 1 1.1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1.1 The Terms “Shanjia” and “Shanwai” 1 1.1.2 Aims of Study 3 1.1.3 Literature Review and Sources 4 1.2 A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO THE TIANTAI HISTORY 9 1.2.1 First Phase - Zhiyi 10 1.2.2 Second Phase - Zhanran 13 1.2.3 Third Phase – Zhili and Zunshi 17 1.3 THE SPLIT OF TIANTAI SCHOOL 18 1.3.1 Shanjia Faction 20 1.3.2 Shanwai Faction 22 1.3.3 Hou-shanwai Faction 25 1.4 THE DEBATE INITIATED BY WUEN 26 CHAPTER 2 THE STUDY OF WUEN’S BIOGRAPHIES 34 2.1 INTRODUCTION 34 2.2 THE TRANSLATION OF WUEN’S BIOGRAPHIES 37 2.2.1 Wuen’s Biography in the Song Gaosengchuan 37 2.2.2 The Translation of Wuen’s Biography in the Shimen Zhengtong 42 2.2.3 The Translation of Wuen’s Biography in the Fozu Tongji 45 2.3 THE PURE LAND PERSPECTIVE 48 2.4 ZHIYUAN’S WRITINGS ON WUEN 51 2.4.1 The Stupa of Wuen - the Dasong Gaoseng Ciguang Shelita Ji 52 2.4.2 The Sacrificial Text for Wuen - the Ji Zushiwen 52 2.5 WUEN’S WORKS 58 2.6 THE DEBATE OF SHANJIA AND SHANWAI 62 2.6.1 The background of the Debate 62 2.6.2 The “Preface of the Siming Shiyishu” 63 2.6.3 The Partial Translation from the Fozu Tongji 70 2.6.4 The Translations from the Shimen Zhengtong73 2.7 WUEN’S VIEWS ON THE “CONTEMPLATION OF MIND” AND “PURE MIND” 76 CHAPTER 3 WUEN’S AFFILIATION WITH HUAYAN 80 3.1 THE HUAYAN INFLUENCES ON WUEN 81 CHAPTER 4 WUEN AND THE HISTORY OF TIANTAI SCHOOL87 4.1 THE ORTHODOXY OF TIANTAI LINEAGE 87 4.2 THE ORIGINS OF SONG TIANTAI LINEAGE HISTORIES 88 4.3 THE RECORDS ON WUEN IN THE SHIMEN ZHENGTONG 91 4.4 THE RECORDS ON WUEN IN THE FOZU TONGJI 93 4.5 THE HISTORICAL POSITION OF WUEN IN THE EARLY NORTHERN SONG 96 4.6 WUEN’S CONTRIBUTION FROM HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 99 4.7 CONCLUSION 100 BIBLIOGRAPHY 102
