This study aims to determine the extent to which exploitation compromises the human security of the Rohingya in Bangladesh. In so doing, the use of a vulnerability assessment and risk analysis are employed to quantify the impact of these risk in relation to the economic, food, health and personal security of the Rohingya. Consideration is given to the history of deep rooted tensions between minority Muslims and majority Buddhist nationalists in Myanmar, the conditions of the 2017 exodus of Rohingya into Bangladesh as well as their statelessness as key contextual elements in establishing the vulnerability of the Rohingya. Subsequently, this study determines the Rohingya’s stay in overcrowded and under resourced Bangladeshi camps, Bangladesh’s refusal to recognise the Rohingya as refugees and its isolationist policies towards this group, as central elements in the risk analysis. This study thereafter identified the successes and shortfalls in the role of the international community as it relates to providing aid to the Rohingya crisis relief and diplomatic support for the restoration of peace and security to Rakhine state. Furthermore, this paper identifies principal lessons learned and recommendations for moving forward in the crisis relief efforts, to better address and mitigate present and future risks to the human security of the Rohingya in Bangladesh. Finally, this study arrives at the conclusion that while Bangladesh is the key player in addressing the crisis, the international community has a vital role to play in the restoration of peace and security in Rakhine State and upholding international human rights standards by holding Myanmar accountable for the atrocities it has committed.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: 1NTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Research Theme and Problem 1 1.2 Objectives of the Research Study 2 1.3 Literature review 3 1.4 Methodology 6 1.5 Ethics and Limitation 11 1.6 Research Structure 12 CHAPTER 2: CONCEPTUAL CLARIFICATION 14 2.1 Introduction 14 2.2 Critical Security Studies 14 2.3 Human Security Paradigm 16 2.4 Exploitation 18 2.5 Vulnerability 21 2.6 What is a Refugee? 22 CHAPTER 3:THE ROLE OF BANGLADESH AND THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY IN THE ROHINGYA REFUGEE CRISIS 25 3.1. Introduction 25 3.2. The Rohingya in Myanmar 25 3.3. Myanmar Country Profile 27 3.4. Bangladesh Country Profile 28 3.5. Who are the Rohingya? 29 3.6. Causes of the Exodus of the Rohingya from Myanmar 30 3.7. The Rohingya Refugee Crisis of 2017 34 3.8. Bangladesh's Response 36 3.9. International Response 40 3.9.1. The Role of ASEAN and The Rohingya 42 3.10. Conclusion 43 CHAPTER 4: THE VULNERABILITY OF THE ROHINGYA 45 4.1. Introduction 45 4.2. Health Insecurity 45 4.2.1. Water and Sanitation 47 4.2.2. Access to Healthcare Facilities 49 4.3. Economic Insecurity 52 4.3.1. Employment and Opportunity 52 4.3.2. Education 54 4.4. Food Insecurity 56 4.4.1. Distribution incorrect and limited 57 4.4.2. No Opportunities to Access Food on Their Own Terms 58 4.5. Personal Security 59 4.6. Findings 61 4.7. Conclusion 62 CHAPTER 5: RISK OF EXPLOITATION OF ROHINGYA IN BANGLADESH 64 5.1. Introduction 64 5.2. Trauma and Exploitation Amongst Refugees 64 5.3. Sexual Exploitation 65 5.3.4. Findings 71 5.4 Forced Labour 71 5.5. Findings 75 5.6. Conclusion 76 CHAPTER 6: Ways Forward and Conclusion 78 6.1. Introduction 78 6.2. Lessons Learned 78 6.2.1. Short-term Outlook 78 6.2.2. Historical Trends and Regional Support 79 6.2.3. Human Security 80 6.3. Ways Forward 81 6.3.1. UN and Other Governments 82 6.3.2. Government of Bangladesh 83 6.3.3. Humanitarian Aid Organisations 85 6.3.4. Donor Crisis Funding in Bangladesh 86 6.4. Conclusion 86 ANNEXES 95 Annex A: Cox's Bazar Location 95 Annex B: Rohingya Refugee Camp Sizes 95 Annex C: Buildings Destroyed in Rohingya's Rakhine State 96 Annex D: Bordering River Between Myanmar and Bangladesh 96 Annex E: Vulnerability Assessment 97 Annex F: Impact Scale on Human Security - Sexual Exploitation 101 Annex G: Likelihood Scale Human Security Trends - Sexual Exploitation 106 Annex H: Risk Matrix 107 Annex 1: Impact Scale on Human Security Category - Labour Exploitation 108 Annex J: Likelihood Scale Human Security Trends - Labour Exploitation. 112 7. BIBLIOGRAPHY 113
