藥師經變= The painting about Medicine Buddha's Sutra; 十二大願=Twelve Great Wishes; 南天瑰寶=Treasures of the South
摘要
本文研究大理國十二世紀張勝溫〈梵像卷〉的藥師佛會，分析眷屬成員包括藥師佛與協侍菩薩、八大菩薩、十二藥叉大將、四大天王、龍天八部、阿難與救脫菩薩、童子等造像。探討藥師經變就必須理解藥師經文，藥師經文有五種譯本。自隋朝、唐朝至宋朝的敦煌藥師經變，反映了藥師經譯本的不同，而敦煌各朝代藥師經變探討，也可看見〈梵像卷〉藥師佛會的造像源流。 〈梵像卷〉藥師佛會的造像根據是東晉帛尸梨密多羅譯本《佛說灌頂拔除過罪生死得度經》卷十二，接在藥師佛會後面的十二大願圖，榜題上出現的文字，亦符合此經願文，畫面呈現了藥師悲願的胸懷。〈梵像卷〉藥師佛會，以精彩的繪圖呈現了莊嚴的藥師佛說法場面，配置的菩薩天王神將，精巧的構圖與氛圍，成功地達成以佛教教化的功能，「南天瑰寶」的美譽當之無愧。 位於今日雲南的宋朝大理國，因為地緣因素，從北鄰的四川學習中國文化，不僅漢傳佛教、還有繪畫藝術。〈梵像卷〉的服裝與器物的代表意涵，充滿了中國化後的風格，擺脫了早期印度與中亞的樣式。自印度圖像發展而來的藥師三尊、八大菩薩、十二藥叉大將、四大天王、天龍八部，呈現在〈梵像卷〉上，已徹底地圖案中國化，是本論文探索重點。 以佛教思想建國的大理國王段智興，也是〈梵像卷〉的合作者，構圖三個佛會，從創教教主釋迦佛會，到滋養現實人生的藥師佛會，再到求來世淨土的彌勒佛會，如此配置，說明此畫卷的佛教建國思想的教化功能。 This article studies the Medicine Buddha Society of Zhang Shengwen's "Brahma Statue Scroll" in the 12th century of Dali Kingdom. It analyzes that the members of the family include Medicine Buddha and the Bodhisattvas, the Eight Bodhisattvas, the Twelve Yaaksha Generals, the Four Heavenly Kings, the Eight Dragons and Heavens, Ananda and Salvation. Take off the statues of Bodhisattvas and boys. To discuss the changes in the Medicine Master Sutra, one must understand the Medicine Master Sutra. There are five translations of the Medicine Master Sutra. The changes in the Pharmacist Sutra in Dunhuang from the Sui Dynasty, the Tang Dynasty to the Song Dynasty reflect the differences in the translations of the Pharmacist Sutra. The study of the changes in the Pharmacist Sutra in Dunhuang dynasties can also see the origin of the Medicine Buddha Society's statues in the "Volume of Brahma Statues". The statues of the Medicine Buddha Association are based on Volume 12 of the Eastern Jin Dynasty's translation of "Buddha's Initiation to Eradicate Sins, Life and Death, and Save Life and Death," a translation of the Silk Buddha Association. The words that appear on it are also consistent with the vows of this sutra, and the picture shows the pharmacist's sad wish. The Medicine Buddha Assembly presents the solemn scene of the Medicine Buddha preaching with wonderful drawings. It is equipped with Bodhisattva, heavenly kings and generals. The exquisite composition and atmosphere have successfully achieved the function of Buddhist education and earned the reputation of "Treasure of the South". Well deserved. The Dali Kingdom of the Song Dynasty, located in today's Yunnan, learned Chinese culture from Sichuan to the north due to geographical factors, not only Chinese Buddhism but also painting art. The representative meanings of the clothing and utensils in the "Volume of Sanskrit Images" are full of Sinicization style, breaking away from the early Indian and Central Asian styles. The three Medicine Masters, the Eight Bodhisattvas, the Twelve Yaakshasa Generals, the Four Heavenly Kings, and the Eight Divisions of Heavenly Dragons developed from Indian images are presented on the "Brahma Statue Scroll". The patterns have been completely Chineseized and are the focus of this paper's exploration. Duan Zhixing, the king of Dali who founded the country with Buddhist ideas, was also a collaborator on the "Volume of Brahma" and composed three Buddhist associations, from the founder of the religion, Sakyamuni Buddha, to the Medicine Buddha Association that nourishes real life, and to Maitreya, who prays for the pure land of the next life. The Buddhist association is arranged in this way, which illustrates the enlightening function of the Buddhist founding thought of this scroll.
