佛教論典的形成、注疏與傳播：從Sheldon Pollock的觀點切入=Exploring the Formation, Commentaries, and Transmission of the Buddhist Treatises (Śāstra): With Specific Reference to Sheldon Pollock's Viewpoints
śāstra; Sheldon Pollock; 論書=manuscript; 論疏=commentary; 東亞佛教=East Asian Buddhism
摘要
論典śāstra 的講述仍是存在於現代漢傳佛教的活傳統 繼續發揮著知 識性、思想性與規範性的宗教作用，有其不可忽略的重要性。在佛教研究領域，不論採取何種方法論入徑，論典也依然是主要的研究對象，並且取得比過去更為精緻的成績。然而，以「論」作為宗教與文化的範疇來研究則甚為少見，這種情 況直到最近 Sheldon Pollock針對印度梵文傳統論典的掘發，才發生典範性的改變。過去絕大部分的研究並未清楚地顯題化論典在其所隸屬的傳統或文化究竟扮演何種角色，發揮何種功能，如何被閱讀，更重要的，如何被使用。有鑒於此，本計劃擬探討以下問題：什麼是作為宗教文類的「論」？論典如何構成？論典如何藉由注疏獲得傳承？在實際的宗教場域如何「講」論？講論和實修有何關係？不論是在印度、中國、西藏、韓國、日本或越南，論與論疏的生產與寫本、刻板的流通為何（敦煌抄本、日本古寫經、江戶抄本、朝鮮與越南傳本）？論典與儀軌（密教 、真言宗）有何關聯？講論活動的地域為何？講讀社群如何形成？不同的講論社群之間如何競爭？講論與論辯的關係為何？講論和現代的「佛教哲學」有何關聯？在傳播過程中，特別是從印度到東亞，論典的形式出現哪些變化？論典的翻譯與本地語言和文學傳統有何關聯？注疏如何作為一種「做」哲學的方法？論典在經院教育中的地位為何？這些問題是引發本計劃的主要動機，釐清這當中的某些問題是本計劃的主要目的。 In addition to being taken as the object of research in the academia of Buddhist studies, the treatise (śāstra, lun 論 ) also plays an important role in the Buddhist communities as a living tradition. Its significance in human science is beyond any doubt. Comparing the highly extoled status of scripture (sūtra) in the Mahāyāna tradition, however, the significance of the Buddhist treatise as a category of disciplines has been understudied systematically and theoretically. This situation of negligence had not changed until Sheldon Pollock initiated his pioneering international research project in 2011. Unfortunately, this paradigmatic shift in the Sanskrit studies did not receive the equal attention from the circle of Buddhist studies. As the project investigator of a research team on the formation, commentaries, and transmission of the Buddhist treatises in India and beyond, especially in East Asian Buddhism, I will give a preliminary survey on the various methodological issues, such as historiography, hermeneutics, ethnography, textual and material sources, philosophy, and so on, in the studies of Buddhist treatises.
