現代僧伽老病安養之探討-以三個機構為例=Study of aged care and nursing of Sangha in modern times-using three organizations as examples

釋慧證 (著)

作者

釋慧證 (著)

出版日期

2013

頁次

143

出版者

佛光大學

出版者網址

https://website.fgu.edu.tw/?locale=zh_tw

出版地

宜蘭縣, 臺灣 [I-lan hsien, Taiwan]

資料類型

博碩士論文=Thesis and Dissertation

使用語言

中文=Chinese

學位類別

碩士

校院名稱

佛光大學

系所名稱

生命與宗教學系

指導教授

張美櫻

畢業年度

101

關鍵詞

僧伽=Sangha; 疾病=illness; 戒律=precepts; 臨終關懷=hospice; 安寧療護=palliative care; 長期照顧=long-term care

摘要

本研究旨在探討現代社會型態變化之下，佛教僧團所受到的衝擊與影響，以及所面臨的困境，尤其是僧伽的老化、疾病、臨終與養老的幾個面向，以半結構深入訪談三個長期對僧伽照顧的機構組織，以呈現實際的問題並予以分析。
研究發現現代佛教僧團的最大問題是人口逐漸老化、年輕的出家人越來越少、寺務多寺眾繁忙，使得生病或老化的出家人無法在寺院得到妥善的照顧，迫於無奈之下必須往外尋求照顧資源。研究結果亦顯示三個機構長期對僧伽照顧的經驗，僧伽醫護基金會對僧伽的照顧屬全面性，從僧伽疾病的預防與治療、補助健保費、經濟生活的支持、心理輔導、臨終喪葬、財物囑託、乃至籌設適合僧伽照護的安養院等，對佛教界及弱勢的僧伽來說是一個具有指標性意義且重要的支持團體。而護僧協會二十年來，始終秉持著愛僧如己的心胸，持續護持需要照顧的出家人，即使支持與資源有限，仍然無怨無悔地繼續付出。而鴻德養護院為地區性機構，亦使部分僧伽可以得到服務。另外前兩個機構之建議為僧伽的養護照顧應從一般社會上的養護院獨立出來，僧伽老化疾病之相關照護是迫切需要的。
修行人在生命未解脫之前，都仍是凡夫而已，當色身遭受病痛的折磨時，這個苦迫的真實感是存在的，因此並不能否定對於色身遭受病苦時的照顧與調理、或否定於出家人擁有這個基本需要的「福利」，以及可能因為執著「藉假修真」而障礙或忽略了對於老病僧伽的照顧與關懷，應思考及建立的態度是，生命未解脫之前，任何人對於「色身」這個修道的資糧都應以慈愍的態度看待它、以適度合理的方法照料與處理之，才是正確對待生命的態度。

The aim of this study is to investigate the impact and influence on the Buddhist Sangha under the morphological changes of modern society and the difficulties faced by them especially in various aspects of ageing, illness, deathbed and aged care. A semi-structured in-depth interview of three organizations with long-term care service for Sangha is used to present the practical problem which is to be analyzed.

Study found that the biggest problem of the modern Buddhist Sangha is an ageing population and there are fewer and fewer young monastics. There is a lot of work in a temple to keep them busy that the sick or old monks and nuns in the temple are not properly taken care of and thus they are forced to seek external care resources. The results of the study also show the experience of three organizations in their long-term care of monastics. The Sangha Health Care Foundation provides a comprehensive care for monastics, including prevention and treatment of sickness, subsidies for health insurance, economic life support, psychological counseling, deathbed and funeral, property exhortations and even setting up nursing homes suitable for caring Sangha. To the Buddhist community and the disadvantaged group of Sangha, it is an important supporting organization with indicative significance. Whereas the Buddhist Sangha Sponsor Association has been for the past two decades, constantly giving care for the monastics in need even with limited support and resources. Without regret, they continue to serve with the mind of loving them as self. Hung Tak Nursing Home is a regional organization which offers service for part of the Sangha community. The first two organizations proposed that care and nursing of Sangha should be independent from the general nursing homes in a community. There is an imminent need for the care of aged-related diseases of monastics.

Before attaining life liberation, a practitioner is still a mundane person. When the physical body undergoes the torture of pain and sickness, the feeling of suffering really exists. Thus we cannot deny the care and recuperation of those who are sick or negate the monastics from the need of this basic ‘welfare’. Also it may be the attachment to the idea of ‘using the apparent form of the body to cultivate for the genuine’ that results in hindering or neglecting the care for aged and sick monastics. The thought and attitude should be that before life is liberated, everyone should have compassion on the ‘physical body’ which is a resource for cultivation, and it should receive proper care and treatment. This is the right attitude towards life.

摘要......................................................i
Abstract.................................................ii
目錄......................................................iii
第一章緒論...............................................1
第一節研究動機與目的.....................................1
一、研究動機..........................................1
二、研究目的..........................................2
第二節文獻資料、文獻回顧、研究範圍與章節安排.................3
一、文獻資料..........................................3
（一）漢譯四阿含.....................................3
（二）律典..........................................5
（三）犍度..........................................8
（四）清規.........................................10
二、文獻回顧.........................................13
（一）專書.........................................13
（二）學術論文...........................................15
（三）期刊論文...........................................17
三、研究範圍............................................19
四、章節安排..........................................20
第二章僧伽的戒律、生死關懷與社會福利..........................21
第一節佛教戒律與僧伽制度................................21
一、戒律的根本精神....................................21
二、僧伽制度與僧事處理的原則...........................22
第二節佛教對僧伽的瞻病關懷.................................28
一、疾病的意義.......................................28
二、死亡在佛教的意義..................................31
三、瞻病送終的實務...................................34
（一）瞻病.........................................34
（二）僧人遺物之問題.................................37
（三）送終.........................................39
第三節佛教的臨終關懷與安寧療護...........................40
一、佛教的臨終關懷...................................40
二、安寧療護.........................................43
（一）安寧療護的發展.................................43
（二）安寧療護的照顧內涵..................................44
（三）靈性照顧............................................45
（四）「不施行心肺復甦術」（Do no resuscitation）...........48
第四節佛教與社會福利..........................................49
一、非營利組織.......................................49
二、佛教福利服務.....................................51
三、僧伽的社會福利...................................54
第五節老化與長期照護....................................55
一、在地老化與成功老化................................55
二、長期照護.........................................56
（一）機構式長期照護服務模式..........................57
（二）社區式長期照護服務模式..........................57
（三）特殊性長期照護服務模式..........................59
第三章研究方法與實施.......................................61
第一節研究取向.........................................61
一、質性研究取向.....................................61
二、質性研究的意涵...................................62
三、半結構訪談法...................................62
第二節研究參與者........................................63
第三節資料蒐集與分析....................................64
第四章訪談資料分析.........................................65
第一節佛教僧伽醫護基金會.................................65
一、創立緣起.........................................65
二、創立宗旨.........................................65
三、創辦人-慧明法師..................................65
四、會務願景.........................................66
五、會務成果.........................................67
六、僧醫會的服務內涵-從老化、生病、養老至臨終的照顧........69
第二節中華佛教護僧協會..................................71
一、創立緣起.........................................71
二、創立宗旨.........................................72
三、創辦人-開證長老...................................72
四、未來願景與計劃...................................75
五、會務成果.........................................75
六、護僧協會服務的內涵-從老化、生病到安寧療護.............76
第三節私立鴻德養護院...................................77
一、創立緣起.........................................77
二、創立宗旨.........................................77
三、董事長-陳秀春.....................................78
四、未來願景.........................................78
五、僧伽的照顧狀況...................................79
第五章結論與建議..........................................80
第一節研究發現與結論..........................

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建檔日期

2023.04.24

更新日期

2023.04.28

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